Grafting Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Uniting - Term Paper Example Uniting of suitable plants bring about improved toughness in plants, strength alludes to the capacity of a plant to persevere through brutal climatic conditions. Through fruitful joining for instance, the garish Western Australian plants right now can oppose the overwhelming soils regular in urban focuses (Core, 2005). Uniting has succeeded creating proper plants that fit distinctive environmental conditions predominant in various pieces of the world. As examined before, joining conjoins two one of a kind plants together accordingly bringing about the improvement of an exceptional new animal types. The resultant species profits by the gainful highlights of both the stock and the scion. As a rule, the stock consistently give compelling versatile highlights of the root to empower the new plant get by specifically conditions while the scion gives powerful foliage and streaming highlights that improves the profitability of the resultant plants. Intelligence is a novel capacity presented distinctly through uniting. It alludes to the way toward initiating efficiency in plants without fundamentally experiencing the adolescent stage. Presenting a scion in a stock upsets the development examples of the subsequent plant. Among the significant points of interest of the interruptions is that the vast majority of the plants sidestep immaturity a time of development and development in the plants. By passing the stage, the plants promptly start delivering organic products. This builds the gainfulness of agribusiness by shortening the time that organic product plants take before getting productive. Bypassing the phase of adolescence is principal in agribusiness owing go the length of the span, immaturity may last as long as nine years in various plants. Bypassing the stage protects the quality and efficiency of the plants since the new plat is probably going to perform better than the two parent plants at the same time inside the most brief time conceivable.

Ancient Greek Religion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Antiquated Greek Religion - Research Paper Example Theory explanation: The old Greek religion is totally not the same as different religions in light of the fact that the equivalent doesn't speak to monotheism, however is emblematic of the novel attributes of the various parts of Greek culture (say, Greek folklore, Greek divine beings and religious philosophy). Old Greek religion and folklore One can see that old Greek religion and Greek folklore are interconnected. Furthermore, this association depends on various legendary stories on the connection between the divine beings and individuals. Walter Burkert opined that â€Å"The most significant proof for Greek religion remains the artistic proof, particularly as the Greeks established such a famously abstract culture† (4). At the point when one experiences Greek folklore, one can see that a large portion of the Greek legends (state, Hercules, Odysseus and so on), looked for help from the Greek divine beings. In contrast to different religions, antiquated Greek religion gives l ess significance to cosmogony. On the opposite side, old Greek religion is definitely not a solitary religion dependent on a solitary god or the fashioner of the considerable number of things that can be found known to man. Rather, the antiquated Greek religion comprises of a number strict convictions for the most part know as a solitary religion. This one of a kind trait of old Greek religion prompted various perspectives on the production of the universe. On the opposite side, the vast majority of the narratives identified with Greek folklore give plentiful significance to fighting and the inclusion of the divine beings in the equivalent. For example, the Trojan War is a significant topic in Greek folklore, where the Greek divine beings extended their assistance to the penniless. Moreover, Greek folklore can be considered as the foundation of Roman writing and the source of epic verse. In this way, one can't disregard the significance of Greek folklore and its essential job in the advancement of old Greek religion. This demonstrates the presence of Greek folklore is profoundly obligated to the Greek divine beings and antiquated Greek religion. Antiquated Greek religion and divine beings As a gathering of strict convictions dependent on polytheism, old Greek religion had various divine beings/goddesses. Bernard Evslin expressed that â€Å"The Greeks acknowledged that there were numerous divine beings and that they were very near† (113). Moreover, Mount Olympus is representative of the home of the majority of the Greek divine beings/goddesses. Among the Greek divine beings/goddesses, Zeus was generally significant. All things considered, a definitive force and impact over different divine beings/goddesses can be considered as an innate status acquired by Zeus from his ancestors. Thus, one can without much of a stretch distinguish that antiquated Greek religion gave abundant significance to their divine beings/goddesses. Moreover, the old Greeks gave cer tain human qualities to their divine beings. For example, a definitive force was not vested upon any god/goddess. Rather, Greek divine beings/goddesses had families and their individual force speaks to the progressive system of intensity. The old Greeks were keen on strict services and formal practices/celebrations. Inside this specific situation, they utilized raised areas to demonstrate their dedication and regard towards their divine beings/goddesses. What's more, the enthusiasts were permitted to have faith in any god. The lovers used to venerate their divine beings/goddesses by introducing significant articles. Daniel Ogden expressed that â€Å"Sacrifice was the focal demonstration of Greek religion, yet not at all like a container or a sculpture committed to a divinity, a penance

Can a Bad Credit Loan Help Raise Your Credit Score

Can a Bad Credit Loan Help Raise Your Credit Score Can a Bad Credit Loan Help Raise Your Credit Score? Can a Bad Credit Loan Help Raise Your Credit Score?Payment history is a huge part of your credit score. So finding a bad credit lender that reports your payments can actually help improve your credit.The main problem with having a low credit score (let’s say anything under 620) is that it cuts you off from traditional sources of credit. Bank loans and regular credit cards are entirely out. And auto loans or mortgage loans are going to come with much steeper interest rates.If youve got bad credit and theres an emergency expense that needs to get covered, you’ll probably end up with a bad credit loan or a no credit check loan. Certain kinds of bad credit loans can be dangerous, especially ones from a sketchy payday or title lender. But others can actually help your credit!Here’s what you need to know.The five parts of your credit score.When people talk about your “credit score,” they are almost always referring to your FICO score. This is the score created by the FICO corpora tion using information from one of the credit reports produced by the three major credit bureaus: Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax.(The credit bureaus can also produce their own credit scores using their VantageScore model. It will probably differ from your FICO score, but not by a lot.)Your FICO score is graded on a scale from 300 to 850. The higher your score, the better. There are five basic categories of information used to create your score. They are…Payment History (35 percent): This covers your history of paying your bills. This may come as a surprise, but lenders really like it when you pay your bills on-time.Amounts Owed (30 percent): This takes into account the amount of money you owe across all your loans and credit cards. With your cards, it also takes into account how much of your total credit limit is being used.The Length of Your Credit History (15 percent): This covers the length of time that you’ve been borrowing for. A longer history of borrowingand borrowing responsiblywill help your score.Credit Mix (10 percent): This category looks at the types of credit you use, like personal loans versus credit cards versus student loans, etc. The more diverse your credit mix, the better.New Credit Inquiries (10 percent): This final category takes into account any inquiries you’ve made for new credit within the past two years. Too many recent inquiries can make it look like you are desperate for more credit, which will hurt your score.Your payment history and your amounts owed combine to make up 65 percent of your total score. If you have bad credit, it’s likely because of issues in these categories.Generally speaking, most people end up with bad credit because theyve failed to pay their bills on time,”  says financial expert and award-winning writer, Holly Johnson. “That could mean anything from being late on their credit card bills to skipping a mortgage payment. Those with the worst credit scores have usually defaulted on some type of bi ll.”The key to raising your score.If you know  why your score is bad, youll also know what you need to do to fix it.  Think of it like going  to the doctor when they’re sick. Once the physician knows the cause of your illness, they can prescribe you the proper medicine.There are lots of things you can do to improve your credit score,” says Johnson, “but because your payment history comprises 35 percent of your score, the most important thing you can do is pay your bills on time. That means getting and staying current on  all  your bills including your car payment, mortgage, utilities, and more.”When you pay a bill owed to a  lender, like your bank or your credit card company, they report that information to the credit bureaus. The info gets recorded on your credit report and gets used to create your score. If you have a loan with a lender  who doesn’t report to the credit bureaus, then the payment info for that loan won’t affect your score.Here’s where bad credit loa ns enter the picture.Here’s how bad credit loans work.Simply put, a bad credit loan is a loan that you can get even if you don’t have a good credit score. Some lenders will run a soft check on your credit report during the application process, while other lenders won’t run any check at all. (Loans like that are also referred to as “no credit check loans.”)Bad credit loans come with higher interest rates than traditional loansâ€"some come with annual percentage rates (APRs) as high as 300 to 400 percent or even higher! A number of these bad credit loans also have very short repayment terms, requiring full repayment on a monthly or weekly basis.Some bad credit loans are predatory; this means that the lender seeks to take advantage of their customers, trapping them into an unending cycle of debt. Payday loans and title loans are two common types of predatory bad credit products, where sky-high interest rates and short repayment terms make the loans incredibly difficult to pay off on-time.Another thing about these predatory bad credit lenders is that their “no credit check” policies go both ways. They won’t run any kind of credit check when you apply for the loan, but they also won’t report your payments to the credit bureaus.If you end up having to get one of these loans, that loan will not help raise your credit scoreno matter how many payments you make on-time.Some bad credit loans can help your score.While there are tons of bad credit lenders that won’t report your payment information to the credit bureaus, there are some out there who do. (We should know. OppLoans is one of them.)If you’re looking for a bad credit lender that reports to the credit bureaus, it’s best to look for one that offers installment loans. These are loans that are paid off at regular intervals over a period of months or years. Since installment loans involve multiple payments, they give you more opportunities to pay on-time and have that information added to your credit report.Of course, a loan is only going to help your score if you are responsible with your payments. Raising your credit score is still ultimately about your ability to responsibly manage your debt and your finances. It’s a long process, and it requires dedication. Short of winning the lottery, you aren’t going to find any silver bullets.And helping your credit score is definitely not the only reason you want to take out a loan. One of the principles of personal finance is that you shouldn’t be spending more money than you have to, and taking out a bad credit loan will mean paying interest on the money you borrow.  That’s extra money that could be put towards paying down your existing debt or building an emergency fund.Bad credit loans should really only be used for unexpected expenses. Finding one that can raise your score is a pretty great bonus, but its not a good enough reason to take one out in the first place.Further reading.If you’re looking for a product t hat can help build your credit score for a relatively low cost (or for no cost at all), then Johnson recommends that you find a good secured credit card. To learn more about how secured cards can improve your payment history, check out this post:Secured Credit Cards: 3 Ways to Use One to Rebuild Bad Credit.And for other ways to improve your score, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:4 Great Tips for Raising Your Credit Score By 50 PointsCredit Workbook: The OppLoans Guide to Understanding Your Credit, Credit Report and Credit ScoreStart Your New Year Out Right: Get a Credit Check!Bad Credit Helper: Do You Need Credit Counseling?Have you used a bad credit loan to raise your credit score? We’d love to hear about it!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsHolly Johnson is a financial expert and award-winning writer who is obsessed with frugality, budgeting, and travel. In addition to serving as Contributing Editor for The Si mple Dollar, Holly writes for well-known publications such as U.S. News and World Report Travel, Travel Pulse, Lending Tree, and Frugal Travel Guy. Holly also owns two websites of her own  Club Thrifty  and  Travel Blue Book   and is the co-author of  Zero Down Your Debt: Reclaim Your Income and Build a Life Youll Love.  You can follow her on  Twitter  or  Pinterest  @ClubThrifty.

Can a Bad Credit Loan Help Raise Your Credit Score

Can a Bad Credit Loan Help Raise Your Credit Score Can a Bad Credit Loan Help Raise Your Credit Score? Can a Bad Credit Loan Help Raise Your Credit Score?Payment history is a huge part of your credit score. So finding a bad credit lender that reports your payments can actually help improve your credit.The main problem with having a low credit score (let’s say anything under 620) is that it cuts you off from traditional sources of credit. Bank loans and regular credit cards are entirely out. And auto loans or mortgage loans are going to come with much steeper interest rates.If youve got bad credit and theres an emergency expense that needs to get covered, you’ll probably end up with a bad credit loan or a no credit check loan. Certain kinds of bad credit loans can be dangerous, especially ones from a sketchy payday or title lender. But others can actually help your credit!Here’s what you need to know.The five parts of your credit score.When people talk about your “credit score,” they are almost always referring to your FICO score. This is the score created by the FICO corpora tion using information from one of the credit reports produced by the three major credit bureaus: Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax.(The credit bureaus can also produce their own credit scores using their VantageScore model. It will probably differ from your FICO score, but not by a lot.)Your FICO score is graded on a scale from 300 to 850. The higher your score, the better. There are five basic categories of information used to create your score. They are…Payment History (35 percent): This covers your history of paying your bills. This may come as a surprise, but lenders really like it when you pay your bills on-time.Amounts Owed (30 percent): This takes into account the amount of money you owe across all your loans and credit cards. With your cards, it also takes into account how much of your total credit limit is being used.The Length of Your Credit History (15 percent): This covers the length of time that you’ve been borrowing for. A longer history of borrowingand borrowing responsiblywill help your score.Credit Mix (10 percent): This category looks at the types of credit you use, like personal loans versus credit cards versus student loans, etc. The more diverse your credit mix, the better.New Credit Inquiries (10 percent): This final category takes into account any inquiries you’ve made for new credit within the past two years. Too many recent inquiries can make it look like you are desperate for more credit, which will hurt your score.Your payment history and your amounts owed combine to make up 65 percent of your total score. If you have bad credit, it’s likely because of issues in these categories.Generally speaking, most people end up with bad credit because theyve failed to pay their bills on time,”  says financial expert and award-winning writer, Holly Johnson. “That could mean anything from being late on their credit card bills to skipping a mortgage payment. Those with the worst credit scores have usually defaulted on some type of bi ll.”The key to raising your score.If you know  why your score is bad, youll also know what you need to do to fix it.  Think of it like going  to the doctor when they’re sick. Once the physician knows the cause of your illness, they can prescribe you the proper medicine.There are lots of things you can do to improve your credit score,” says Johnson, “but because your payment history comprises 35 percent of your score, the most important thing you can do is pay your bills on time. That means getting and staying current on  all  your bills including your car payment, mortgage, utilities, and more.”When you pay a bill owed to a  lender, like your bank or your credit card company, they report that information to the credit bureaus. The info gets recorded on your credit report and gets used to create your score. If you have a loan with a lender  who doesn’t report to the credit bureaus, then the payment info for that loan won’t affect your score.Here’s where bad credit loa ns enter the picture.Here’s how bad credit loans work.Simply put, a bad credit loan is a loan that you can get even if you don’t have a good credit score. Some lenders will run a soft check on your credit report during the application process, while other lenders won’t run any check at all. (Loans like that are also referred to as “no credit check loans.”)Bad credit loans come with higher interest rates than traditional loansâ€"some come with annual percentage rates (APRs) as high as 300 to 400 percent or even higher! A number of these bad credit loans also have very short repayment terms, requiring full repayment on a monthly or weekly basis.Some bad credit loans are predatory; this means that the lender seeks to take advantage of their customers, trapping them into an unending cycle of debt. Payday loans and title loans are two common types of predatory bad credit products, where sky-high interest rates and short repayment terms make the loans incredibly difficult to pay off on-time.Another thing about these predatory bad credit lenders is that their “no credit check” policies go both ways. They won’t run any kind of credit check when you apply for the loan, but they also won’t report your payments to the credit bureaus.If you end up having to get one of these loans, that loan will not help raise your credit scoreno matter how many payments you make on-time.Some bad credit loans can help your score.While there are tons of bad credit lenders that won’t report your payment information to the credit bureaus, there are some out there who do. (We should know. OppLoans is one of them.)If you’re looking for a bad credit lender that reports to the credit bureaus, it’s best to look for one that offers installment loans. These are loans that are paid off at regular intervals over a period of months or years. Since installment loans involve multiple payments, they give you more opportunities to pay on-time and have that information added to your credit report.Of course, a loan is only going to help your score if you are responsible with your payments. Raising your credit score is still ultimately about your ability to responsibly manage your debt and your finances. It’s a long process, and it requires dedication. Short of winning the lottery, you aren’t going to find any silver bullets.And helping your credit score is definitely not the only reason you want to take out a loan. One of the principles of personal finance is that you shouldn’t be spending more money than you have to, and taking out a bad credit loan will mean paying interest on the money you borrow.  That’s extra money that could be put towards paying down your existing debt or building an emergency fund.Bad credit loans should really only be used for unexpected expenses. Finding one that can raise your score is a pretty great bonus, but its not a good enough reason to take one out in the first place.Further reading.If you’re looking for a product t hat can help build your credit score for a relatively low cost (or for no cost at all), then Johnson recommends that you find a good secured credit card. To learn more about how secured cards can improve your payment history, check out this post:Secured Credit Cards: 3 Ways to Use One to Rebuild Bad Credit.And for other ways to improve your score, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:4 Great Tips for Raising Your Credit Score By 50 PointsCredit Workbook: The OppLoans Guide to Understanding Your Credit, Credit Report and Credit ScoreStart Your New Year Out Right: Get a Credit Check!Bad Credit Helper: Do You Need Credit Counseling?Have you used a bad credit loan to raise your credit score? We’d love to hear about it!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsHolly Johnson is a financial expert and award-winning writer who is obsessed with frugality, budgeting, and travel. In addition to serving as Contributing Editor for The Si mple Dollar, Holly writes for well-known publications such as U.S. News and World Report Travel, Travel Pulse, Lending Tree, and Frugal Travel Guy. Holly also owns two websites of her own  Club Thrifty  and  Travel Blue Book   and is the co-author of  Zero Down Your Debt: Reclaim Your Income and Build a Life Youll Love.  You can follow her on  Twitter  or  Pinterest  @ClubThrifty.

Population Based Cancer Database By National Cancer Institute

The SEER is a population-based cancer database by National Cancer Institute. The SEER 13 represents approximately 14% of the population of the United States and includes 13 cancer registries - San Francisco-Oakland, Connecticut, Detroit, Hawaii, Iowa, New Mexico, Seattle (Puget Sound region), Utah, Atlanta, San Jose-Monterey, Los Angles, Alaska Natives, and rural Georgia. High quality data are collected from hospitals and cancer treatment centers. The database includes primary tumor site, staging, patient demographics, treatment modality and survival statistics (10). We selected adult patients (≠¥ 18 years) diagnosed with first primary HCC between January 1992 and December 2011. We excluded cases diagnosed at autopsy and those lost to†¦show more content†¦Results: A total of 15,296 patients diagnosed with primary HCC met the study criteria. Majority of the patients were men (74.47%) and belonged to the Caucacian race (58.57%). Median age at the time of diagnosis was 66.16 years (range: 42.33 - 95.5 years). Detailed patient demographics are presented in Table 1. The median follow-up duration was 28 months (range: 6 - 18.5 years). A total of 446 (2.83%) patients developed 466 SPM with observed/expected (O/E) ratio of 1.07 (95% CI= 0.97-1.17) and AER of 7.17 per 10,000 population, p = 0.16. These patients had significant excess risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and several solid tumors including cancers of head and neck, lung, thyroid, adrenal glands, stomach, anus and hepatobiliary region. Interestingly, there was significantly decreased risk of prostate cancer among HCC patients compared to general population. Younger patients (aged 60 years) had increased risk of malignancies of oropharynx (O/E ratio of 4.18, CI = 2.23 - 7.15, p=.01; AER 7.15), lung and bronchus (O/E ratio of 3.03, CI=1.9 - 4.58, p= 0.01; AER 11.6), hepatobiliary system (O/E ratio 4.35, CI=2.32-7.44, p=.01; AER 7.8), small intestine (O/E ratio of 8.11, CI=1.67-23.1, p=.01; AER 2.07), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (O/E ratio of 4.44, CI 2.43-7.44, p=.01; AER 8.53.) Among older patients (Age ≠¥ 60 years), there was increased risk of cancers of oropharynx (O/E ratio 1.7, CI

Historical Background Of General Interpersonal Communication

Historical background to general interpersonal communication is key in understanding interpersonal communication today in more specific settings such as gender. During the early 20th Century, George Simmel (1977) and other sociologists were already keyed in to interpersonal communications that are still being debated today such as â€Å"reciprocal knowledge, characteristics of the dyad, interaction rituals, secrecy, lies and truth and types of social relationships† (Coser, 1977). During the 1920s and 1930s, symbolic interactionism came about as the belief that the self emerges out of the individual’s interaction with significant others. During the 1940s and 1950s, a number of areas of study of interpersonal communication came about. Interpersonal communication was identified to be an academic field of study during the 1960s. Ten years later in the 1970s, interpersonal communication was established as a specific field of study. Continuing on in the trend and gaining mome ntum in the 1980s, interpersonal communication was refined and extended. Focus was turned to the difficulties of studying the dynamic interaction process. The study of personal relationships gained momentum within the interpersonal communication study. Thought and overt behavior were recognized to be an important reciprocal relationship in interpersonal communication. Fast-forward to now, several communication scholars have decided to focus on specific types of interpersonal communication. One specific type thatShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Interpersonal Communication1480 Words   |  6 PagesSince this process is ongoing and always changing, when we enter an interpersonal communication exchange, we are entering an event with no definable beginning or ending, and one that is irreversible. An important piece of interpersonal communication to consider is that the words said to one another are final and cannot be simply â€Å"taken back†. This is known as the principle of i rreversibility which means that what we say to others cannot be reversed. Unfortunately, life does not come with a remoteRead MoreCross Cultural Relationships1105 Words   |  5 Pagesacross cultures  offers solid theoretical frameworks and practical insights to handle the cultural challenges in managing people in a globalized workplace. Cross cultural management addresses topics including cross-cultural communication and understanding at both interpersonal and inter-organizational levels, leading multicultural and global virtual teams, cross-cultural leadership, managing cross-cultural joint ventures, transferring managerial practices across cultures, and managing internationalRead MoreInterpersonal Psychology : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1560 Words   |  7 PagesInterpersonal Psychotherapy Intervention Overview Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) was developed in the 1970 s by Gerald Klerman, Myrna Weissman, and Eugene Paykel. 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However, it was not until Mr. McGloin took a media research course in his junior year that he decided to pursue this area. Most importantly, he recalled how people questioned the future and purpose of the field of communication. Sp ecifically, Mr. McGloin’s research is on violence in video games and how it changes theRead MoreNonverbal Communication and the Effect3136 Words   |  13 PagesAsian Social Science November, 2009 Nonverbal Communication and the Effect on Interpersonal Communication Haiyan Wang School of Foreign Languages, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266061, China E-mail: haiyanwang417@163.com Abstract It cannot be denied that the importance of interpersonal communication to the development of our society. Without interpersonal communication, people are unable to understand each other, cooperate with each other and promote the developmentRead MoreThe Importance Of Learners With Gifts And Talents1649 Words   |  7 Pagesdisproportionate representation in special education. Too many of our ELLs are often disproportionately placed in special education programs, which may be considered a challenge faced by both general and special educators. But what about the underrepresentation of ELLs in the gifted and talented programs? It seems as though general educators struggle to provide these students with sufficient educational experiences. High-potential ELLs can be very successful in any academic setting as long as their educatorsRead MoreFun ctional Assessment : An Essential Examination Of Every Older Adult1596 Words   |  7 Pagesphysical exam as well as previously noted assessments (Ball, 2015). What are three other history questions you may ask regarding Mr. Emerson’s mobility? To determine the progression and cause of Mr. Emerson’s knee pain, it is important to gather historical information. Asking open-ended questions will provide opportunity for Mr. Emerson to expound on his answers and provide more information. Suitable questions would include (Jarvis, 2012): †¢ â€Å"At any time in your life have you experienced trauma toRead MoreThe Human Communication System Is Important1435 Words   |  6 PagesLinguistics is a key factor of communication that is used every day, by essentially every human being. The human communication system is complex and not always easy to learn. There are multiple components, including phonetics, morphology, phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Knowledge of all of these components is what helps for humans to produce language. Linguistic competence is defined by The Free Dictionary (2008) as a speaker’s implicit, internalized knowledge of the rules of their

Want to Know More About Research Thesis Writing Service?

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Journal Catholic Education In Australasia â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Catholic Education In Australasia? Answer: Introduction The essay outlines the different ethical techniques that are affecting and generating the challenges of Dianes Company. The main purpose of this report is to provide the best database management system for maintenance of personal office in a medium sized company. The main aim of this report is to analyze the ethical techniques for using the Dianes situation. It is also evaluated an ICA professional using the ACS code of ethics. This case study also identifying the Ethical issued that connected by the ICT. Introduction to the Case Diane has started own consulting business for three year ago. Many employees have worked in Dianes office as well as she has numerous clients to doing work with her. Diane is a successful working woman. In her consulting business, many things are involved that defines how to designed database management system, advising about security and corporate intranets. She has designed the system of database management of a medium-sized business. She has included the customers for the purpose of informing the CEO of company, director of computing, design process as well as individual director on the system process. She has given the numerous types of options to the customers for doing the business with her. Diane believed that she provides best opportunity and best security services to CEO of the company. She has to shore that she provides data it would be exceptionally receptive. It would also involved medical records for filing insurance claim, salaries, performance evaluation etc. Doing Ethics Technique Doing Ethics Technique refers to the process which can be used for the purpose of analysing any issues related to ethical dilemmas relating to any situation. Thus technique does not provide any type of readymade solutions to the problems. But it helps in developing the techniques in the best possible ethical manner (Sekaran and Bougie, 2016). It can be also said that this technique is not clear and lacks in providing the required parameters and guidelines to the problems. There are several principles that can comply with the techniques of doing ethics: Contribution to welfare of society: The main focus of this principle lies on the assuring the quality of life of the peoples by obligating them to protect the fundamental rights of human beings and to respect the diversification of all the cultures. In context of computing and networking, its main objective is to minimise the negative outcomes like dangers to system and health of cyber world (Lawrence and Weber, 2014). At the time of designing systems, ensuring that the product can be used in social and responsible way must be the main aim of the computer professionals. Protecting others from getting harmed: This principle restricts the usage of information technology in such a manner which can cause harm the society and human beings. Several actions like modifying or destroying files and data intentionally which can cause severe damages to human resource are banned by this principle. Considering all the possible results that can affects designing and implementation of the software is the best possible way which can reduce this risk. With the help of minimising malfunctions by adopting standards that are designed for this purpose, occurrence of happening of damages can be reduced to a certain extent. Along with it, evaluating social disadvantages of a system is also required to determine the possibility of happening of any damage (Clarke, 2016). Testing and analysing the signs of a system that can possess harm to society or human beings is another obligation of a computer professional. Maintaining honesty and reliability: Honesty is the core element which can help an organisation to work in an effective and efficient manner. It is the duty of a computer professional to remain honest towards the qualifications that he or she possesses and towards the situation that may results in occurrence of disputes on interests of different members. A computer professional is required not to misunderstand the policies and regulations of Association for Computing Machinery or its any subsidiary or branch (Liu, et al., 2016). Be fair and should not differentiates: This principle governs by the principle of equal and fair justice and valuing the concept of equality, forbearance and respecting others. The policies of Association for Computing Machinery does not favours the discrimination which are based on the basis of various factors like age, sex, religion, community or disability. Misusing the information and technology can possess the results in favour of arising inequalities between different members of group (Berleur and Whitehouse, 2013). A rational society provides opportunities to all the peoples to access the benefits of information technology. Should obey property rights: In most of the situations, the law of a country does not permits several types of activities like violating patents, trade secrets, copyrights and terms and conditions of license agreements. Such type of behaviours always remains in contradiction to the ethical and professional behaviour even if the software cannot be considered as secured one. Software can be copied only after taking the proper permission from authorised owner (Technica, 2016). Attention should be paid to the unauthorised copying of materials or software. Intellectual property should be given due credit: It is the obligation of a computer professional to protect the truthfulness of logical property. No one should entertains the credit for the work or ideas that belongs to some another person even in those situation in which work or software does not possess protection in terms of copyright or patents (Fraser, 2014). Privacy of others should be given due respect: Collecting and exchanging personal information using the medium of information and technology can be resulted in violating the privacy of persons and society. Maintaining the privacy and integrity of personalised data is the key obligation of computer professionals. Various steps like taking preliminary steps in order to maintain the accuracy of data, preventing unauthorised persons to access the data, formulating new procedures for the purpose of permitting new individuals to check and amend their data are included in the method of maintaining privacy (Patsakis, et al., 2015). This principle focuses on the collection of personal information of a user after taking prior permission of that particular person. This should be done in a very sophisticated and limited manner with the consent of that person. Medium and users of electronic communication are some of the scope of this principle. Respecting the confidentiality of the data: This principle expands with problems of privacy related to information whenever the extensive promise of maintaining the confidentiality has been made by someone and private information does not have direct connection with the performance of duty of a person (Broucek and Turner, s2014). In the given scenario, Diane is concerned for the compilation with the principle of respecting confidentiality of data. According to the case, she has designed software which provides outmost level of confidentiality to the data of the user. But the problem arises when the cost incurred in framing the project exceeds the budgeted cost. ACS code of ethics To action by the duty of professional as well as honesty person, will dealings among the students, customers, and community generally, employers and employees. As per the case, Diane has dealing with their clients and employees very honestly and she known her responsibility for its workers and work (McDermid, 2015). To work attentively and proficiently for customers or workers, Diane has to work with very proficiently and attentively for their workers and customers. Diane has to be honest for the demonstration of its work for knowledge, products, services and skills. She has knowing about its consulting business services. She knows how to represent its work with good services. An attempt to improve the superiority of life of those affect in work. As per this case, Diane has attempted towards developing the excellence of life that affected the work. To improve the professional development for colleagues, student and employees, Diane has been improved its professional skills like knowledge about database, advising about security and corporate intranets for its employees and colleagues. To improve the reliability of the work of computing as well as admiration of its associate for everyone, According to this context, Diane has to develop the consistency of work of computing and appreciation of associate with everyone. Standard of Conduct A standard of conduct means to the set of manner that ethics of code can be applied to professional work of member. There are many standards of conducts, which can be applicable to ASC code of ethics such as priorities, computing profession, competence, honesty, professional development and social implications (Spulber, 2013). Priorities: Diane has attempted to conserve stability of computing services as well as data information of business has been run during her mind. She also esteems the proprietary environment of data information (Scott, et al., 2015). She has given advice to its business clients and worker of any probable disagreement of interest among its legal or assignment and another supplies to the people. She has been respected the database information for nature of proprietary. Computing profession: Diane would respect or inquire about the computing profession and it is required for the professional opinions of clients and employer in the proficiency part. She has not intentionally connected within the professions and to be connecting by deceitful and fake performs (Vella, et al., 2017). Competence: Diane has provided computing services or products that have to be connected with the financial or operational required for its customers and workers. She would be conscious for standards that have been relevant for its consulting business or will actions consequently (Ho, 2014). She has responsible for its work. Honesty: She has dedicated and honest in representing the knowledge about products, service and skills for its work (KM and JS, 2017). She would provide rational predictions for computing project. Professional development: Diane has improved her professional skills for employees, students and colleagues. She has also promoted her employees, students and colleagues to increase development of professions. She will also improve skills and knowledge for present time (Fakayode, et al., 2014). Social implications: In any business, it has promoted or protects the healthy and safety environment that influence the employees work (Jizi, et al., 2014). ICT Professional The standard Board of ACS professional considers professionalism like somebody qualified for level of professional of membership. They are given the various process of person and there are followed skills, capabilities and knowledge likes: In context of board, it has provided different types of theoretical and factual data of ICT professionals. For ICT field, there are solved many issues that related to the demonstrating mastery, innovation and advanced skills and changeable, complicated and random issues are also solved (Prestridge, 2014). There is required to capability such skills, knowledge about the project for complete the business projects. Company has taken duty and responsibility to reduced the technical multifaceted and project or actions for professional. Information about the data, facts or skills that acquired by the education and experience A specific job, a standard required to capability to perform well to complete projects. Including the critical understanding of principles and theories for advanced and coherent body of information during a field and discipline In context of work acts, exercise management and supervision there has been randomly changed. Definition of ICT professional ACS offers a service of accreditation towards making certain degree of ICT that has appropriate for initial practice of professional. Professional Certifications of ACS offers the overpass connecting the current practice and historical entry point in the field of ICT. Accreditation of ASC analyzes that how Graduate Attributes of ICT has been deal with every plan presented for endorsement (Vanderlinde, et al., 2014). It has also analyzed that how every plan presents the CBOK area of core knowledge as well as common part of ICT data. CBOK has utilized within two manners, which support the certification processes and accreditation. According to the opinion of Australian Computer System, a professional of ICT can be held eligible for taking membership of professional level. But taking the membership of ICT is not an easy task. It is treated as a level for a person who has achieved the professional level of membership. The main aim of professionalism membership is to create differences be tween practitioners of ICT and other peoples. The membership of ACS professionals can be used in providing proofs to potential clients and members having similar professional abilities. Raising the level of knowledge, skills and potential is the main objective of ICS professional (Kerckaert, et al., 2015). Conclusion On the basis of analysing above report and case, it can be said that parties are favouring their own point of view. This case is related with the company which is engaged in the business of outsourcing the various types of activities to its clients. One side of the case is related with the Diane who is the owner of the business. She has developed software based on the demand of its clients which is medium size company. Then, the client has chosen a less costly project after comprising with the security aspect. But the belief of the lady lies in the favour of secured software which can prevent the data from hacking and unauthorised access. In this report, along with the discussion of the case, doing ethics techniques and Code of Ethics of ACS has been discussed. These two types of ethics provide much help in understanding the case thoroughly. On the basis of above analysis, it can be recommended to Diane that she should tries to frame that software again keeping in mind the cost and extent of confidentiality. It is also recommended to Diane that she should tries to convince her management and senior staff by telling advantages and merits of the designed software. As in the given scenario, the stated Code explains the obligation of verifying the designing and implementing the system which protects the personal privacy and faults. Protecting the privacy of their employees is the legal obligations of the company. Educating the officials of the company is the attempt made by the Diane. If she fails in convincing her senior management, Diane is required to think about the obligations that are stated in the contract. At the last, Diane is required to make a choice between responsibilities of respecting the principles of privacy and confidentiality and contract. References Berleur, J.J. and Whitehouse, D. eds. (2013)An ethical global information society: Culture and democracy revisited. Germany: Springer. Broucek, V. and Turner, P. (2014) Considerations for e-forensics: insights into implications of uncoordinated technical, organisational and legal responses to illegal or inappropriate on-line behaviours,International Journal of Computing,4(2), pp.17-25. Clarke, R. (2016) Big data, big risks,Information Systems Journal,26(1), pp.77-90. Fakayode, S.O., Pollard, D.A., Snipes, V.T. and Atkinson, A. (2014) Offering a geoscience professional development program to promote science education and provide hands-on experiences for K12 science educators,Journal of Chemical Education,91(11), pp.1882-1886. Fraser, R. (2014) Collaboration, collusion and plagiarism in computer science coursework,Informatics in Education,13(2), pp.179. Ho, P.K. (2014) HCQIA Does Not Provide Adequate Due Process Protection, Improve Healthcare Quality and Is Outdated under Obama Care,Ind. Health L. Rev.,11, pp.303. Jizi, M.I., Salama, A., Dixon, R. and Stratling, R. (2014) Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosure: Evidence from the US banking sector,Journal of Business Ethics,125(4), pp.601-615. Kerckaert, S., Vanderlinde, R. and van Braak, J. (2015) The role of ICT in early childhood education: Scale development and research on ICT use and influencing factors,European Early Childhood Education Research Journal,23(2), pp.183-199. KM, G.G. and JS, K. (2017) measuring professionalism in residency program,Biomedica,31(3), pp.239-245. Lawrence, A.T. and Weber, J. (2014)Business and society: Stakeholders, ethics, public policy. USA: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Liu, J.K., Susilo, W., Yuen, T.H., Au, M.H., Fang, J., Jiang, Z.L. and Zhou, J. (2016) Efficient privacy-preserving charging station reservation system for electric vehicles,The Computer Journal,59(7), pp.1040-1053. McDermid, D. (2015)Ethics in ICT: an Australian perspective. London: Pearson Higher Education AU. Patsakis, C., Laird, P., Clear, M., Bouroche, M. and Solanas, A. (2015) Interoperable privacy-aware e-participation within smart cities,Computer,48(1), pp.52-58. Prestridge, S.J. (2014) Reflective blogging as part of ICT professional development to support pedagogical change,Australian Journal of Teacher Education,39(2), pp.6. Scott, K.B., Turko, I.V. and Phinney, K.W. (2015) Quantitative performance of internal standard platforms for absolute protein quantification using multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry,Analytical chemistry,87(8), pp.4429-4435. Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R. (2016)Research methods for business: A skill building approach. USA: John Wiley and Sons. Spulber, D.F. (2013) Innovation economics: The interplay among technology standards, competitive conduct, and economic performance,Journal of Competition Law and Economics,9(4), pp.777-825. Technica, A. (2016) Making a positive impact: updating the ACM code of ethics,Communications of the ACM,59(12). Vanderlinde, R., Aesaert, K. and Van Braak, J. (2014) Institutionalised ICT use in primary education: A multilevel analysis,Computers and Education,72, pp.1-10. Vella, S.F., Burmeister, O.K., Ceric, A. and Barnden, A., (2017) A systematic narrative review of literature on Catholic schools in Australia to better understand the role of School Leadership deploying and integrating Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in this environment,eJournal of Catholic Education in Australasia,3(1), pp.4.

Hiroshema Essays - Atomic Bombings Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki

Hiroshema Hiroshema War is an ever changing, advancing type of combat. From swords to guns, the weapons used are always developing and becoming much more powerful. Nuclear bombs are one of the most forceful weapons that exist today. On August 6, 1945, during World War II, the United States dropped an Atomic bomb on Hiroshima, a Japanese city and Military center. About 130,000 people were reported dead injured, or missing. Another 177,000 were left homeless. It was the first Atomic bomb ever used against an enemy. The effects of this explosion were so devastating and long lasting that they are still felt today. Was the United States justified in the dropping of the atomic bomb? On December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor was deliberately attacked by the Japanese. Reports show that 2,400 people were killed and 1,300 were wounded. The reason Japan bombed, Pearl Harbor was because that was where all of the U.S. Navy ships were kept. They were hoping to take out the Navy and were almost successful. They expected the aircraft carriers to be in the harbor, but luckily were not. Although the attack may have been a success to the Japanese, it became a huge mistake in the end. One reason it was a mistake was it caused the U.S. to enter the war. The United States was the ultimate cause to Japan losing the war. Secondly it made the Americans angry and determined to destroy the Japanese. Recruiting offices were flooded with young patriots who wanted to help their country out. This attack was just an example of what could have happened if the war had continued. If the war had continued another attack on U.S. soil could have taken place. This could have turned the 6,000 dead American civilians into 9,000 dead civilians. That is one of the main reasons the war needed to be stopped immediately. The United States made the thought of the Atomic bomb and the building of it possible. The power behind such a weapon was just what the United States needed. Many scientists manufactured and constructed the Atomic bomb, including Enrico Fermi, J. Robert Oppenheimer, and Harold Urey. The group was headed by a United States Army engineer, Major General Leslie Groves. The United States came up with a list of cities that could be possible targets for the detonation of the bomb. The list included Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, and Nagasaki. They later decided that Hiroshima would be the first target. Then in the early hours of August 6, 1945, the B-29 bomber Enola Gay, along with three other B-29's, headed out from Tinian Airbase to Hiroshima. They equipped the Enola Gay with the A-bomb, a single 4-ton nuclear device with 12 pounds of uranium. At 8:15 a.m. (Japanese standard time) the Enola Gay let the Atomic bomb fall to the ground. The bomb exploded around 2000 feet above the ground. The explosion caused all wooden buildings to collapse within a radius of 1.2 miles. The blast itself demolished three fifths of the city within seconds. The United States scientists estimated that only 20,000 Japanese would die, instead 75,000 people perished instantly. Three days after the bombing of Hiroshima it was decided that another Japanese town must be hit with am A-bomb. Three targets remained, the city of Kokura was the chosen target. Because visibility was so poor, due to smoke and pollution they changed the target to the city of Nagasaki. The smoke and pollution were just as bad over Kokura, but through a gap in the smog the bombardier spotted the target. They then released the 4.5 ton bomb, at 11:02 a.m., killing 30,000 people instantly. A day after the Nagasaki bombing the Japanese government offered to surrender. This ended the first ever nuclear war. Yet, while the first atomic bomb was a success, it raised many ethical and controversial issues. Most of the people in the United States of America supported the use of the atomic bomb, even President Truman commented on what a great invention it was. Many people, including the scientists that developed the bomb, opposed the bombings and felt that killing that many innocent people just to get an influence in the war was immoral. One famous figure, Albert Einstein was quoted saying, "I made one great mistake in my life, when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that the atomic bombs be made." The atomic bomb was considered a "quick" and even economical way to win the war; however, it was a cruel and unusual form of punishment for the Japanese citizens. The weapon that we refer to as "quick" was just the opposite.

Discussion of the adaptations of plants Essays

Discussion of the adaptations of plants Essays Discussion of the adaptations of plants Paper Discussion of the adaptations of plants Paper Essay Topic: Discussion Salt marshes are intertidal ecosystems, surrounded by land and open to the sea by way of an estuary (Pomeroy Wiegert 1981). As a result salt marshes are constrained, by silt and saline water, to the type of communities it can sustain (Ranwell 1972). However because of the tidal nature of these ecosystems and the presence of many migratory birds we find some of the the most widley distributed plant species in the world (Ranwell 1972). The habitat is typically high in phosphates but low in nitrogen. Sulphur washed in from the sea collects in the soil and during dry periods lowers the soil pH (Chapman Reiss 2000). Essentially the main problem for salt marsh plants is that salt marsh ecosystems are perminantly waterlogged by seawater. Land plants obtain oxygen for their roots by diffusion of oxygen found in air spaces in the soil. When soil is waterlogged, water displaces oxygen from the air spaces and reduces oxygen transport to as much as 1/300000 of its original value (www.biome.ac.uk).  Most land plants are used to water that has an osmotis potential close to zero, however salt marsh plant communities have to exist in water conditions of much lower osmotic potential, approximately -2 Mpa. Most land plants subjected to such low osmotic potentials would loose water to its environment and die (www.biome.ac.uk). It is the aim of this paper to discuss some of the common mechanisms which plants colonising salt marsh habitats have evolved to make effiecient use of what oxygen is available and be able to exclude salt and absourb water or excrete any excess salt that is absourbed as a result, with reference to specific salt marsh species.  Salt-marsh plants are halophytes (Gr halos:salt + phyton:plant), meaning they can tolerate excessive salinity levels (e.g. 0.5% NaCl), and have characteristics of both terrestrial and marine environments (Pomeroy Wiegert 1981). The salinity may vary and depends on the structure of the marsh, rainfall, and how often it floods (Chapman and Reiss 2000). If rainfall is high the marsh is washed of some of its salinity and will be colonised by different species such as Limonium spp. (sea lavender) and Triglochin spp. (arrow grass) (Chapman and Reiss 2000).  Grasses and rushes, such as Spartina spp. Juncus spp. retrospectively, dominate salt marsh communities, however in the lower, muddy levels of salt marshes pioneer species such as Salicornia europaea are more common (Rose 1981) (Chapman and Reiss 2000). Many of the plants are terrestrial species and in the upper parts of the marsh, where salinity concentrations are prodominantly affected by the amount of rainfall and not tidal influences, soils similar too more obvious terrestrial habitats are witnessed (Pomeroy Wiegert 1981) (Ranwell 1972).  Plants found in more northenly located salt marshes tend to be more tollerant of higher salinities, e.g. Spartina anglica can tolerate salinities up to twice that of sea water (Ranwell 1972).  Salt marshes have a particularly low osmotic potential due to its high sodium chloride concentration. To prevent excess loss of water and to obtain water from its environment it is vital that plants maintain a lower internal osmotic potential than that of its external environment (Purvis 2001). This is a problem for non-halophytes at concentrations 0.05 M (1/10 sea water). However halophytes, subject to sea water (0.5 M), can develop internal osmotic potentials greater than 20 bars (Ranwell 1972).  There is also the problem for plants living in saline environments of the high toxicity of Na and Cl both found in high concentrations in salt marshes (Purvis 2001).  High external osmotic potential influences excess ion accumulation in the tissues of plants, resulting in irregular metabolism and for this reason plants living in salt marshes have to be highly selective in ion uptake. High external osmotic potential also has the effect of reducing plant growth, transpiration rate, water availability, and uptake of essential minerals (Ranwell 1972). No other toxic substance, worldwide, restricts plant growth more than sodium chloride (Purvis 2001). Salt marshes, like any other habitat have sub-habitats e.g. emergence marsh level, submergence marsh level, or tidal flat, which all present relatively different growing conditions for the species that occupy them. As a result we find plants that have preferences to these zones and hence have adapted a diverse array of methods to contend with the conditions the different zones subject them to. These adaptations and environmental preferences also affect limits of such things as growth, age, and clonal size (Ranwell 1972). Adaptation to saline environments has occurred in Salicornia so much so that not only can members of this species tolerate high NaCl concentrations but the ability to persist in fresh water environments has all but been lost (Ranwell 1972).  There are four different methods in which halophytes have adapted to various external osmotic potentials in order to maintain normal metabolic activities. They are ion selection, extrusion, accumulation, and dilution, of which more than one may be exhibited by any one plant (Ranwell 1972). The vast majority of salt marsh plant species are perennials with only few annuals present and confined to distinct salt marsh sub-habitats, such as Salicornia sp. and Atriplex sp. located in the pioneer and strandline zones respectively (Ranwell 1972).  The distinction that few annuals have adapted to a salt marsh environment led Chapman to describe it as a Hemicryptophyte (herbs with buds at soil level, protected by the soil itself or by dry dead portions of the plant) area (Ranwell 1972) (Thain Hickman 2000). One shared adaptation that most halophytes possess is they accumulate Na Cl ions and transport them to their leaves. The ions are stored in leaf cell vacuoles increasing the salt concentration in the tissues of halophytes and hence lowering its osmotic potential (Purvis 2001). This brings us back to an earlier statement that it is vital for plants living in saline environments to maintain a lower internal osmotic potential than that of its external environment in order to prevent water loss and so water may be taken up more effectively. An important scientific breakthrough in 1999 located a gene in the non-halophyte Arabidopsis which encodes for a Na/H ion antiport protein in the tonoplast and enables sodium uptake (Purvis 2001). Although this plant is not a common halophyte found in salt marsh environments it does help to understand how plants may evolve different methods to living in these environments.  Another adaptation of halophytes which reduces the risk of poisoning by excessive accumulation of NaLC is the formation of salt glands in their leaves. Salt, extracted by the glands, collects on the leaf surface and is removed by wind or rain. Osmotic potential in the leaf will inevitable become more negative as salt is excreted by the salt glands; this generates an increase in the osmotic potential gradient thus enabling the leaf to obtain water from the root more readily (Purvis 2001). The amino acid proline, is often stored in the vacuoles of halophytes which acts to lower the plants tissues osmotic potential (Purvis 2001).  The saline nature of a salt marsh makes it particularly difficult for plants to obtain water. For this reason a common characteristic of halophytes is succulence, which acts as a water reserve. This water reserve can be used when NaCl concentrations are high, e.g. evaporation in the soil during low tide.  Many succulent halophytes use crassulacean acid metabolism, a metabolic pathway which allows plants to store CO2 at night and then photosynthesis during the day with stomata closed. Reversed stomatal cycles also allow halophytes to conserve water by closing them during daylight periods (Purvis 2001). Damage by wave action is a serious threat to plants living in certain zones of the salt marsh; therefore many species have morphological adaptations as a result. Salicornia for example presents minimum leaf appendages by reducing to a phylloclade form, however it still maintains adequate photosynthetic surface for the high light level habitat in which it inhabits (Ranwell 1972). Water-logging is a characteristic of most salt marshes, particularly in the lower zones and as a result oxygen diffusion rates are low. During spring and summer algal blooms e.g. Pleurosigma colonize high level tidal flats and produce millions of small oxygen bubbles on the surface of the water-logged mud. Salicornia take advantage of the better conditions with regards to oxygen availability by germinating in April May with most of its growth occurring during the summer months (Ranwell 1972).  This is more obviously an ecological adaptation to saline environments; however this is just as important to understand as morphological adaptations are in plants existing in salt marsh habitats. Pappus hairs found on the seeds of Aster tripolium aid dispersal. The seeds tend to stick together as a result and more often than not are dispersed by water with only few dispersed by the wind. This type of dispersal adaptation allows Aster to colonize open ground, within the salt marsh, relatively quickly (Ranwell 1972).  Spartina has many specific adaptations to existing in more seaward zones of the salt marsh, which allows it to out-compete most other species for these sub-habitats. Spartina has been successful in these zones due to a type of polyploidy which promotes rapid growth, large size, and high fertility. High phenotypic plasticity also allows Spartina to take advantage of this zone by elongating its stems (as much as 15 cm yearà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) to penetrate aggregating mud in both pioneer and mature salt marshes (Ranwell 1972). Other adaptations that enable Spartina to successfully colonise more seaward zones include large seeds with substantial food reserves, rapid shoot root growth, deep anchor roots, and shoots well supplied with air spaces (Ranwell 1972). In conclusion Salt marsh habitats are intertidal ecosystems sustaining widley distributed plant communities which can exist in an environment which is typically high in phophates, low in nitrogen, has a low soil pH, suffers from waterlogging, and a low osmotic potential.  The main problems for salt marsh plants is low oxygen diffusion rates and a low osmotic potential due to daily waterlogging by sea water.  High osmotic potential results in reduced plant growth, transpiration rate, water availability, and uptake of essential minerals and due to the toxicity of Na Cl, excessive accumilation can result in irregular metabolism. All salt marsh plants are halophytes, tolerating excessive saline levels (0.5% NaCl), with Spartina anglica for example capable of tolerateing salinities twice that of sea water.  To prevent excessive water loss and to obtain water salt marsh plants maintain a lower internal osmotic potential than that of its external environment.  Halophytes have evolved four different methods to maintain normal metabolic activities in various external osmotic potentials; ion selection, extrusion, accumulation, and dilution.  Accumulation involves the plant transporting and storing Na Cl ions to their leaf cell vacuoles. Salt glands often found in the leaves of salt marsh plants extracts salt which collects on the leaf surface and is removed by wind or rain.  Succulence is a common characteristic of halophytes acting as a water reserve and can dilute high NaCl concentrations for example at low tide.  These methods are all effective in lowering internal osmotic potential and increasing the osmotic potential gradient thus enabling the leaf to obtain water from the root more readily.  Crassulacean acid metabolism allows halophytes to store CO2 at night and conserve water during the daylight periods by photosynthesising with closed stomata. Ecological adaptation include for example adaptation by Salicornia to low oxygen diffusion rates takes advantage of millions of oxygen bubbles produced on the surface of waterlogged mud in high level tidal flats by algal blooms.  Morphological adaptations include for example adaptation by Salicornia to reduce damage by wave action by reducing to a phylloclade form thus presenting minimum leaf appendages.  It is clear that most of these evolved adaptations are a result of plants attempting to survive in an environment which is subject to especially low oxygen diffusion rates and in particullay low osmotic potentials. Reference List www.biome.ac.uk  Chapman, L.J. M.J. Reiss (2000) Ecology principals applications, University press; Cambridge  Pomeroy, L.R. R.G. Wiegert (1981) The ecology of a Salt Marsh, Springer-Verlag Inc; New York  Purvis, W.K., D Sadava, G.H. Orians, H.C. Heller (2001) Life: The science of biology, Sinauer associates; Massachusettes

Eastern Meditation Meets Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Eastern Meditation Meets Christianity - Essay Example This type of meditation is a practical way to achieve real peace of mind, and leads to a deeper wisdom and clearer understanding of the truth. Misconceptions: There are some common misconceptions about meditation in Western countries. Some people think that "meditation is not for them because they are Christians, or that meditation is about just sitting and thinking nothing." In fact, meditation is about reality-seeing things as they are. There are no beliefs to adopt which might conflict with one's religion. Although there are some differences between Christian and Eastern spiritual practice, both of them share many similarities in the practice of listening to the spirit, the method of prayer and meditation and the spiritual and mental changes these bring about. All religious traditions, not only Buddhism and Christianity have different processes, movements and transformations for seeking answers from spiritual sources. Each faith tradition has grown over so many centuries and has been practiced in different societies and cultures. There is a fundamental difference between Christianity and Buddhism. The Buddha teaches people to remain fully in the realm of human experience, but Christ offers us a hope outside ourselves. The hope of a Christian is to have faith in God and Jesus Christ, but not in man or the earthly life. One of the main goals of meditation is to learn by observing what is going on in our bodies, our feelings, our mind and our worlds. The continual process of meditation greatly enhances our understanding of things around us. However, Christians mainly focus on developing more faith and a better relationship with God and Jesus Christ through prayer, using this to communicate with God, and possibly receive a personal revelation from Him, described sometimes as the Spirit of the Lord. But if we look at how people participate in meditation and prayer, we can highlight the similarities between the Buddhist and Christian approaches to spiritual practices. Meditation can lead to spiritual communion with God through the Holy Spirit. President David O. McKay (date) from the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints explains We pay too little attention to the value of meditation, a principle of devotion. Meditation is the language of the soul. It is defined as a form of private devotion, or spiritual exercise, consisting in deep, continued refection on some religious theme. Even Jesus Christ also meditated during the forty days of fasting; he communed with himself and his father, and contemplated upon the responsibility of his great mission. One result of this spiritual communion was such strength as enabled him to say to temper "...Get thee hence, Satan: for it is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only salt thou serve." (Matthew 4:10.) What is Meditation: In Buddhism, meditation plays an important role in developing peace, compassion and awareness. Challenges and afflictions in life make the Kositjaroenkul 3 heart yearn for the a perfection of peace, a pure love from someone, and compassion flowing through our hearts. When beginning the process of meditation, a person will focus on clearing the minds from everything around them. It is a moment of peace, calmness and mindfulness. The next part of the

Understanding ecological models Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Understanding ecological models - Assignment Example The ecological perpsective of health promotion is an approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of people with their physical and socio-cultural environments. Ecological approaches are so effective because they involve the most factors and determinants of healthFor example, anti-smoking campaigns aimed at teens in South African found that teen smoking rates were linked with a lack of recreational facilities and whether or not the teen's parents smoked. Limitations of the ecological approach include: -Difficult to implement multi-level approaches.-Health care professionals unfamiliar with these – usually just individual approaches.-large amounts of enegry, creativity, and patience.-Challenging and expensive to changealready built enviornments, especially if those environments (i.e. buildings) are privately owned.-†Operationalizing the general princiapls of evological models for specific behaviours is a challenging but essential step.†The purpose of the paper by Elder et. Al (2007) is: to describe a framwork that would be used to guide an individual study.The integration of a wide number of contributing theories into Elder et. al's ecological framework is valuable because Gathers a wider range and depth of knowledge to the framework.â€Å"Theories that helped guide and inform the TAAG SE model are operant conditioning, social cognitive theory (SCT) and organizational change theory,including diffusion of innovations. These theories are incorporated into the TAAG model (see Fig. 1), which serves to put all relevant theories into a unified whole. The model, then, informs the intervention development by providing its theoretical grounding." 6. Sallis and Owen (2002; p468) the components of the TAAG model fulfill the "principles of ecological approaches to health behaviour change" to the extent that contributing theories such as social cognative theory and organizational change theory are included within the model. HPRM3000: Portfolio Task 3 Health Priorities and the Importance of Populations 1. This kind of research so important for health promotion because demographic, and distribution information on health matters is vital for informed health policy creation and implementation. 2. The description, strengths and weaknesses of the DALY are: "Health loss expressed as disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and presented as proportions of total DALYs and DALY rates (crude and agestandardised) per 1000 population." " One DALY is equivalent to one lost year of healthy life and represents the gap between current health status and an ideal situation" Links to a format used by The World Bank (allows for ease of international comparision of data). A disadvantage is that it is a "created" and not a "real" mesaurement. ii) In Australia, the progressive increase in body mass is strongly associated with an increase in Type II Diabetes. As these connected risk factors and issues have been getting worse, instead of better, new more effective strageties are required. Two other areas: women's mental health and Aboriginal peoples (especially those in the NT) require immediate, planned progressive health promotion action. 7. a) Stephen R Leeder, Susan U Raymond and Henry M Greenberg Poverty and Human Development The need for leadership in global health. The Medical Journal of Australia. MJA 2007; 187 (9): 532-535 b) Global Leadership in health is present in Australia. This has resulted in deeper and more informed ecological health policies that have lead to concrete action to prevent futher diseases from global climate change. (This is a topic that is just now recieving global attention as a health issue.) 8. International Health Risks In the early 1980s, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene epidemiologist Geoffrey Rose suggested another reason why the intrapopulation studies might fail to detect benefits of salt reduction that could still have a significant public health impact. Rose

An Over View Of Samsung Electronics Company Marketing Essay

An Over View Of Samsung Electronics Company Marketing Essay Samsung is the third largest South Korean company which was established in 1969 as the flagship company of the Samsung group or Samsung corporation. Samsung achieved fast growth through exports. Samsung decided to venture into the television market. It started production of black and white television sets for the local markets in 1972. However, Samsung realized that it can become a global brand. They searched and analized the global market opportunities and challanges with the help of customers and employees feedbacks. Samsung decided to change the concept of its brand .It had to change the perceptions of consumer with a new brand image. During the olympics in Seoul, South Korea in 1988, Samsung decided to become an official sponsor for the wireless technology in order to associate its image with global sports brand. Through the help of promotion and physical evidence Samsung is currently recognized as a worldwide brand. Every country especially the member of olympic games then, now knows about the brand. In this way, Samsung was successful in changing the concept of its brand image and now has a good customer base. Nowadays, Samsung has 25 production base worldwide and more than fifty sales subsidiaries in nearly about 50 countries. Their global strategy involves eight main regions Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Africa, and Middle East, China, North America, Europe and Latin America The brand vision of samsung is to totally different and unique from other brands like: Sony,LG and Panasonic. Leading the digital convergence revolution is the vision of the Samsung brand.This case study is totally based on the electronics side of the Samsung brand.The word Samsung is written in korean language Operation management Operation management is the management process to product and distribute process and service .Basically, in the process of operation management includes creation of products, development of production and distribution. All the operation of the organization has been managed by the operation management .As an operation manager; we have to manage the purchase quality and quantity control, storage, logistic and evaluation. Operation management depends on product and service. It is combination of product management and service management. Strategic management is the combination of managerial decision and action that determines long range of performance of employers. Operation management is the most important for every business and it determines the success of business. After the SWOT analysis any company has to make separate and unique operation strategic of company. We know that competition in all domestic and international market has appeared to be new markets challenge and new phase. Whenever performance of company, company brand and product quality are becoming more important to the customer and consumer then product price. The product development and promotion strategic is the essence of competitive advantage. After the market analysis , swot analysis , the operation management capabilities of Samsung electronics in vital of the ever stiffening competition in the electronics employers. Role of operation manager of Samsung electronics The role of operation manager of Samsung electronics are follows: 1) Responsible for managing the day by day business activities with supply chain, sales and Chanel marketing 2) They will be individual Responsible for managing plans, stack levels, and sell through inventory at different accounts. 3) There are also responsible for working direct finance and supply. Operation management strategies and Analysis Operation management is the process of management of the any company which manage the all internal factors. It is like a bridge of the employers and costumers. It manage finance, marketing, employers skills, performances of company as well employees, employees insurance etc.Its also manage the product capacity, costumer demands and satisfactions. It creates and manage the rule and regulation and the agreement between employers, employees as well costumer. Operation management is the field which direct concern and deals with the production of goods and services. Operation strategy is the functional strategy; it should help and provide the guide line and road to operation and management for any company. It is guided by the business strategic The goal of operation management of any company is to make more money, and objectives are cost, quality, delivery, flexibility and customer satisfaction. Samsung electronics have focuses on five business areas they are semiconductor, digital media, digital applications, lcd and telecommunication network, the globalisation and new trends of business operation performances of Samsung electronics in last ten years, It means (from 1993 to 2003) we found that there were totally changes within the employers that lead successfully developments. In 2007 Samsung electronics become the world second largest mobile phone manufactures. The success in strategic is direct concern to the different market players and customers. When we saw the regarding Samsung electronics ability of the management skills and marketing management ,product design .Samsung electronics development of DRM products creates impacts to their progress ,When the learning of micron to make the DRM products directly effects the sales of company .When the some Chinese electronics company also popular in the worldwide market due to the low cost as well as quality ,in this time Samsung manager are quite afraid regarding the Chinese competiterors .Samsung electronics forecasts to innovate strategic since these new Chinese company entrances and attacking the DARM market shows vital revenue performances ,compared to other Samsung electronics competitors. They extensive improved R and D to maintain cost effective production and product manage. Their success plane and operation management ability to make innovation through the DRAMS is one of the cost advantage of the employers .The quality of the products and remarkable customers desired and satisfactions and Samsung brands image on the worldwide market and original electronics goods is one of the source of their premium price. Today there are a lot approaches and system available for process innovation. Samsung electronics wants to know the test and desired of diversity customer because they need to develop products that fits diversity customer life style. In the past Samsung was focus the physical design but now a day and the coming future the user interface will be emphasized more. Samsung is one of the worlds most respected companies for its designs and quality. Recommendation Samsung Company may sell its products consumer and customer. People can buy its goods direct on internets also. Samsung groups have direct sells models and telephone network. They may also maintain the negative cash conversation cycle from this model. The company should receive the payment before when they have to pay for new raw-materials. They may also use just in time management. They should be able to provide their products (electronics goods) in the right time, right places, right cost in the right way. By the JIT approaches they may make computers and other electronics goods only after customer local area orders and the requesting materials which are direct concern to customer needs and satisfaction. Samsung electronics should maximise their stockholders value by marketing for balance their financial sides. They should emphasis their standards based technologies as well as customer services and customer desired. They should offer skims, more warranty as well as guaranty .customer insurances, electronics materials insurances. They should design and marketing strategic according to diversity and different economic, environments, their business strategic should focus on their enterprises business. They should products their electronic goods on the base on customers desired, needs and demands of times. It means they should change their design base on the required markets and new technologies as well as marketing policy. If they want to become the world largest and number one quality able electronics brands, then they should adopt TOYTA, SONEY, LG and PANASONIC groups also. It is better for them, they should manufacture theirs goods as same quality but different prices and it means they should focus their market not only high and rich people but also poor and medium as well like Chinese electronics markets. They may produce their products in different quality and different prices on the base on their capacity and design. They should management their recruitment and selection process. They must be focusing their recruitment and selection of employees on flexibility, diversity, equal opportunity, sample selection etc. They should motive their employees on the base on their performance and work efficiency. They should improve their market and marketing policy. They should increase their shareholders as well as stockholders. The standard base, skilful employees and best performances shows that, they will able to success to become the world number one electronics brand as well as mobile. The process design of Samsung electronics is good. The product has so many designs in the base on price and quality and customer desired, different diversity. The supply network design is also good. People can buy through the online also. By the help of Samsung website, we can find out a lot of information of Samsung electronics, about its goods, management system, and supply chain. The company have to own websites. We can apply for the job through the online. Conclusion Sumsung brand is famous allover the world because of its service, excellent employees, Innovative reliable product. A responsible approach to business and global citizenship and globlelisation with partners and customers. Samsung is taking the world in progressive direction for new generations. The mission of samsung is to be the best Digital electronic company.It complys with low and ethical standard care s environmental health and safety. Mentain a clean organized culture value and respect to customer share holders ,steakholders , employees and socially responsiable co oppertative citizens. So It is trying to be the best brand in the field of electronices materials in the world by improving its size , price quality, capasity or power of the devices.

Eating Disorders and Pregnancy Essays -- Health Birth Nutrition Papers

Eating Disorders and Pregnancy Pregnancy has often been viewed as a period of great developmental change for women. This is also a period in which previously dormant psychological issues rise to the surface and when current issues have the potential to worsen. Because anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa occur primarily in young women, many of whom are of childbearing age, it is important to evaluate the potential medical and psychological consequences when an eating disordered woman becomes pregnant. During pregnancy, conflicts about body changes, alterations in roles, additions of responsibility, and concerns about a woman’s own mothering abilities are prevalent. Many of these concerns are also of great importance to the psychology of eating disorders. Thus, it is not surprising that anorexic and bulimic women have unique problems during their pregnancies (Franko and Walton 1993). The potential for pregnancy to exert a positive or negative influence on eating disorder symptoms is inconclusive. Some studies report a decline in symptoms, while other report heightened symptomatology. However, it has been found that when an eating disorder is present during a pregnancy, the risk of complications is increased (Conti 1998). Anorexia Nervosa and Pregnancy Pregnancy in patients with anorexia nervosa is rarely suspected. Amenorrhea (lack of menstruation) is invariably present and is often accompanied by sensations that resemble symptoms of pregnancy. These symptoms include a bloated abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. The detection of conception in anorectic patients is often delayed, and the consequences can be severe (Bonne, Rubinoff and Berry 1995). The course of pregna... ...: A Review and Clinical Implications.† International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1993 Jan; Vol. 13(1): 41-48. Lacey, J.H., and Smith, G. â€Å"Bulimia Nervosa: The Impact of Pregnancy on Mother and Baby.† British Journal of Psychiatry. 1987; Vol. 150: 777-781. Stein, A., H. Woolley, S.D. Cooper, and C.G. Fairburn. â€Å"An Observational Study of Mothers with Eating Disorders and Their Infants.† Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1994; Vol.35 (4): 733-748. Turton, Penelope, et al. â€Å"Incidence and Demographic Correlates of Eating Disorder Symptoms in a Pregnant Population.† International Journal of Eating Disorders.1999 Dec; Vol. 26(4): 448-452. Waugh, Elizabeth and Cynthia M. Bulik. â€Å"Offspring of Women with Eating Disorders.† International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1999 Mar; Vol. 25(2): 123-133.

Study Guide, Principles of Marketing

Module Study Guide Taylor’s University Undergraduate Business Programs BUS2304 Principles of Marketing August Semester 2012 BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 1 TUTORIAL 1: INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? ? Module Information Booklet will be discussed and explained in detail Form Groups Tutorial exercises – Introducing the basics concepts of marketing LEARNING OUTCOMES ? ? ? Understand key marketing concepts and marketing management philosophies used in marketing planning Understand the importance of marketing in business practices Understand the concept of the marketing experienceDiscussion questions 1. What is the most amazing marketing experience you have ever had? ? Was it an individual employee or a business processes? ? Describe a situation in which you became a â€Å"lost customer†. Was it because of poor product quality, poor service quality or both? Using the concept of â€Å"consumer need† to identify markets: What is National E xpress’s ‘product’? What market (need) does it serve? Who are their direct competitors? What are the potential substitutes? BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 2 What is their ‘product’?What markets do they serve? Who are their competitors? What new markets might they exploit? Journal Article: Theodore Levitt’s Marketing Myopia (1960) Students to understand the concept of ‘marketing myopia’ and the dangers that defining their products and markets too narrowly might pose for an organization. What is Cellular One selling? What marketing management philosophy do you see in evidence? BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 3 Is there anything that can't — or shouldn't — be marketed? BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETINGPage 4 TUTORIAL 2: MARKETING ENVIRONMENT CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? Group activity Discussion questions LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? ? Explain how changes in the marketing environment can effect marketing activities Identify the different micro environmental factors Identify the different macro environmental factors TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES Discussion questions 1. What are some of the cultural differences that you have observed when you lived or travelled abroad? ? What were some of the similarities/ differences that you observed? To what extent should cultural differences be considered in international marketing? 2. Imagine a company that is considering changing its product line to become more environmentally friendly, which might increase costs. Use the six major forces of the macroenvironment and list pros and cons that the company should take into consideration before making its final decision. Group Activity In a group – Bring broadsheet newspapers. Mark/highlight articles relating to Macro and Micro environment. Explain. Refer to examples shown by your tutor.BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 5 TUTORIAL 3: CONSUMER BEHAVIOR 1 CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? Discussion Questions Group activity LEARNING O UTCOME: ? ? ? ? Identify the different characteristics that influence consumer behavior Differentiate the different types of buying behavior Identify the different stages in a buyer decisions process and apply different marketing strategies to stimulate interest / purchase in these stages Identify the different macro environmental factors TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES Discussion questions Could KFC use this ad outside Asia?BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 6 Group Activity Activity 1 Examine Maslow’s 5 stage Hierarchy of needs model. Go through the advertisements in your national and local newspapers, magazines etc to see if you can identify and collect at least one advertisement which focuses on each of those stages, from physiological (biogenic) through to self actualization (psychogenic). Also consider TV channels and websites. Print out examples if you can. Activity 2 Consider two purchases you have made recently e. g. soft drink (limited problem solving) and a car, holiday, com puter or a degree course. (extended or involved problem solving). Examine in each case how the decision making process model outlined above may have differed. Here you may consider giving particular attention to the evoked set and post cognitive dissonance. Does your experience differ from the accepted theory? If so why do you think this may be? BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 7 TUTORIAL 4: CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR 2 CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? Discussion Questions Group activity LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? ? Identify the different characteristics that influence consumer behavior Differentiate the different types of buying behavior Identify the different stages in a buyer decisions process and apply different marketing strategies to stimulate interest / purchase in these stages Identify the different macro environmental factors TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES Discussion questions 1. Would the marketers at Mercedes be pleased if the coach of a sporting team or the head teacher at a primary school purchased a n A-Class? BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 8Group Activity Social grade classification The UK Office of National Statistics (ONS) produced a new socio-economic classification in 2001. The reason was to provide a more comprehensive and detailed classification to take newer employment patterns into account. Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Description Higher Professional and Managerial workers Lower Managerial and Professional workers Intermediate occupations Lower Supervisory and technical Semi Routine Occupations Routine Occupations Long term unemployed A B Grade C1 and C2 C1 and C2 D D E Small Employers and non professional self-employed C1 and C2Many commercial market research programmes have found significant differences in buying behaviour between the various social grades. The Market Research Society argues that this system can be justified as it is easy to research and that the social grade appears to be a reasonably good discriminator in many product markets profiled in MINTEL repo rts. Social grade reflects lifestyle patterns and is used widely by advertisers while profiling consumers. Questions a. To what extent do you think that social class is a helpful concept in improving the marketer’s understanding of consumer behaviour. . What do you the major criticisms to the social grade system are? c. Consider the following occupations and allocate a social grade to them: i. Student ii. Chartered Accountant iii. Bricklayer with City Council iv. A backpacker v. A retired pensioner on state benefits vi. A High Court Judge BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 9 vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. A self employed plumber. Teacher aged 23 (qualified) Teacher aged 32 (qualified) Retired employee, company pension Shop Assistant Unemployed farm workerBUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 10 TUTORIAL 5: SEGMENTATION, TARGETING AND POSITIONING CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? ? Watch the video â€Å"LoReal Percier† Discuss questions Mini case discussion LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? Ident ify the different bases for segmenting consumers and business markets. Evaluate market segments, select market segments and choose market coverage strategies TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES Discussion questions 1. What is the basic rationale for segmentation? 2. What are some of the common variables used to segment a market? 3.What are the requirements for effective segmentation? 4. What is the difference between segmentation and targeting? Group Discussion Market segmentation is built around identifying differences in needs between different groups of customers. How could a bank segment its consumer market? BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 11 Video: L’Oreal Watch the L’Oreal Percier video a) Who is the target market for the product? b) What bases for segmentation has L’Oreal used? (Consider the importance of geographic, demographic, behavioral and psychographic)Read Tasty Bite: Coming to America (Textbook page 133) Discuss the segmentation, targeting and positioning st eps that Tasty Bite has taken in entering the US market. BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 12 TUTORIAL 6: PRODUCT AND SERVICES STRATEGY 1 CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? ? Identifying slogans for brands Group activity Mini case LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? ? Identify different product / services and their classifications Recognize the importance of branding, packaging and labeling a product Suggest product line and product mix strategies for product / service TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES . Brand Association & Slogans. Identify the brand name for each of the following slogan/phrase. How many slogans/phrases did you identify? 2. Brand 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Slogan Impossible is Nothing The world’s local bank It’s the real thing The world leader in oral care. The most powerful alkaline battery in the world. Take power to the next level. Share moments. Share life. Because I'm worth it. Awaken your senses. Connecting people. The choice of a new generation. There are some things money can’t buy. For everything else, there’s [product name].Don’t leave home without it The ultimate driving machine The happiest place on earth Put a tiger in your tank The power of dreams Page 13 BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING 18 19 20 Melts in your mouth, not in your hands Just do it Give me a break! Read Pepsi Sakes bubble with limited edition soft drinks (Textbook page 334) Read case 11. 2 (Textbook page 334) and answer the discussion questions. BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 14 TUTORIAL 7: PRODUCT AND SERVICES STRATEGY 2 CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? Group activity Case Study – New Belgium Brews up strong brand equity LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? ?Identify different product / services and their classifications Recognize the importance of branding, packaging and labeling a product Suggest product line and product mix strategies for product / service TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES 1. Group Activity – Who am I? a. Select a product category –mobile phones, computers, cars etc. b. Brainstorm and list all competing brands within that category. c. Each group is allocated a brand and brands must be highly differentiated. d. Each group must humanise their brand: Am I female or male? How old am I? What level am I educated to? What colour is my hair?Do I have hair? What is my nationality? What is my occupation? Do I work? What type of clothes do I wear? Where do I go on holidays? What are my hobbies? Am I married or single? Do I have children? What type of car do I drive? Do I have a car? Do I own a house/flat? Where do I live? e. Each group to present their brand personality back to the class. 2. Read case 13. 1 (Textbook page 390) and answer the discussion questions. BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 15 TUTORIAL 8: PRICING STRATEGIES CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? ? Case study Discuss questions Presenting and defending pricing decisionsLEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? ? Recognize the importance of importance of considering internal and external factors wh en setting final price for products/services Identify the different pricing strategies Know the format of the examination and have a guide to revising and preparing for the examination. TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES 1. Read the Case study â€Å"Plug & Sons†. 2. In your group discuss your strategy. 3. Each group is to present and defend their strategy and challenge others to draw attention to: ? ? ? The importance of defining the target market and positioning – who’s going to buy this and why?This is a decision that the students will have to make, as no target market has been identified. The tendency of marketers to compete on value rather than price. Marketers usually try and charge as much as possible for products The way theory such as customer price dynamics can be used to structure and analyse and build a coherent argument BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 16 TUTORIAL 9: DISTRIBUTION STRATEGIES CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? ? ? Read the case â€Å"Dell Direct and not so D irect† Discussion Questions Discussing FedEx based on www. fedex. comLEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? ? ? Recognize the importance of marketing channels in marketing activities Explain the different levels in a marketing channel Explain the main considerations in a marketing channel Discuss the different ways in managing channel members TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES Activity 1 Visit www. fedex. com Many companies lack their own distribution systems. firms in this situation may rely upon the service provided by companies such as FedEx to handle their distribution. 1. What tools does FedEx provide to make shipping process easier? 2.Other than shipping products, what other services does FedEx provide? 3. Is there information on FedEx website that would help a potential FedEx customer to evaluate FedEx regarding some of the selection criteria shown in Table 14. 3 in the textbook? Activity 2 Dell Direct and not so Direct Read case 14. 2 on page 342 and answer discussion questions 1, 2 and 3. BUS2304 PR INCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 17 TUTORIAL 10: PROMOTION STRATEGIES 1 CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? ? Video â€Å"Mercedes Benz† Case study – At Southwesr airlines, â€Å"We Love Your Bags† Discussion Questions LEARNING OUTCOME: ? Recognize the difference between conventional promotional practices and the IMC concept Recognize the growth and importance of the IMC concept TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES Video Mercedes Benz. Watch the two videos on Mercedes Benz. 1. What is the objective that Mercedes is trying to achieve? 2. What appeals have they used in their advertising strategy? 3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using such a strategy. At Southwest Airlines, â€Å"We Love Your Bags† Case 16. 2 , Text book page 500. Answer discussion question 1 to 3. BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 18 TUTORIAL 11: PROMOTION STRATEGIES 2 CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? Watch video â€Å"Earth Hour† Discussion LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? Recognize the difference between conventional promot ional practices and the IMC concept Recognize the growth and importance of the IMC concept TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES 1. Watch the different videos of Earth Hour. 2. Based on the different videos you have watched, what are the different types of promotion being used for the campaign? 3. Who is one target audience for Earth Hour? Based on the target group you have defined, select one product that caters to this segment that participated in Earth Hour? 4. Do profit and non-profit organizations use the same promotional tools?Give examples. BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 19 TUTORIAL 12: SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND MARKETING ETHICS CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? Case â€Å"At Timberland , Doing Well and Doing Good are Laced together† Discuss questions LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? ? To understand the concept and dimensions of social responsibility To define and describe the importance of marketing ethics To understand the role of social responsibility and ethics in improving marketing performance TUT ORIAL ACTIVITIES 1. What is social responsibility? Why is it important? 2. What are some social responsibility issues? Give an example of each. 3.What is the difference between ethics and social responsibility? 4. Read Strategic Case 8 – At Timberland, Doing Well and Doing Good are Laced Together. Answer questions 1 to 4. BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 20 TUTORIAL 13: ONLINE FORUM AND DISCUSSION – EXAMINATION FORMAT CLASS ACTIVITIES: ? ? Online forum and discussion E-Learning week LEARNING OUTCOME: ? ? Know the format of the examination and have a guide to revising and preparing for the examination. Discuss different techniques for answering examination questions TUTORIAL ACTIVITIES Students’ participate online in a forum and discussion. BUS2304 PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Page 21