Population Based Cancer Database By National Cancer Institute

The SEER is a population-based cancer database by National Cancer Institute. The SEER 13 represents approximately 14% of the population of the United States and includes 13 cancer registries - San Francisco-Oakland, Connecticut, Detroit, Hawaii, Iowa, New Mexico, Seattle (Puget Sound region), Utah, Atlanta, San Jose-Monterey, Los Angles, Alaska Natives, and rural Georgia. High quality data are collected from hospitals and cancer treatment centers. The database includes primary tumor site, staging, patient demographics, treatment modality and survival statistics (10). We selected adult patients (≠¥ 18 years) diagnosed with first primary HCC between January 1992 and December 2011. We excluded cases diagnosed at autopsy and those lost to†¦show more content†¦Results: A total of 15,296 patients diagnosed with primary HCC met the study criteria. Majority of the patients were men (74.47%) and belonged to the Caucacian race (58.57%). Median age at the time of diagnosis was 66.16 years (range: 42.33 - 95.5 years). Detailed patient demographics are presented in Table 1. The median follow-up duration was 28 months (range: 6 - 18.5 years). A total of 446 (2.83%) patients developed 466 SPM with observed/expected (O/E) ratio of 1.07 (95% CI= 0.97-1.17) and AER of 7.17 per 10,000 population, p = 0.16. These patients had significant excess risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and several solid tumors including cancers of head and neck, lung, thyroid, adrenal glands, stomach, anus and hepatobiliary region. Interestingly, there was significantly decreased risk of prostate cancer among HCC patients compared to general population. Younger patients (aged 60 years) had increased risk of malignancies of oropharynx (O/E ratio of 4.18, CI = 2.23 - 7.15, p=.01; AER 7.15), lung and bronchus (O/E ratio of 3.03, CI=1.9 - 4.58, p= 0.01; AER 11.6), hepatobiliary system (O/E ratio 4.35, CI=2.32-7.44, p=.01; AER 7.8), small intestine (O/E ratio of 8.11, CI=1.67-23.1, p=.01; AER 2.07), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (O/E ratio of 4.44, CI 2.43-7.44, p=.01; AER 8.53.) Among older patients (Age ≠¥ 60 years), there was increased risk of cancers of oropharynx (O/E ratio 1.7, CI

Historical Background Of General Interpersonal Communication

Historical background to general interpersonal communication is key in understanding interpersonal communication today in more specific settings such as gender. During the early 20th Century, George Simmel (1977) and other sociologists were already keyed in to interpersonal communications that are still being debated today such as â€Å"reciprocal knowledge, characteristics of the dyad, interaction rituals, secrecy, lies and truth and types of social relationships† (Coser, 1977). During the 1920s and 1930s, symbolic interactionism came about as the belief that the self emerges out of the individual’s interaction with significant others. During the 1940s and 1950s, a number of areas of study of interpersonal communication came about. Interpersonal communication was identified to be an academic field of study during the 1960s. Ten years later in the 1970s, interpersonal communication was established as a specific field of study. Continuing on in the trend and gaining mome ntum in the 1980s, interpersonal communication was refined and extended. Focus was turned to the difficulties of studying the dynamic interaction process. The study of personal relationships gained momentum within the interpersonal communication study. Thought and overt behavior were recognized to be an important reciprocal relationship in interpersonal communication. Fast-forward to now, several communication scholars have decided to focus on specific types of interpersonal communication. One specific type thatShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Interpersonal Communication1480 Words   |  6 PagesSince this process is ongoing and always changing, when we enter an interpersonal communication exchange, we are entering an event with no definable beginning or ending, and one that is irreversible. An important piece of interpersonal communication to consider is that the words said to one another are final and cannot be simply â€Å"taken back†. 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Want to Know More About Research Thesis Writing Service?

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Journal Catholic Education In Australasia â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Catholic Education In Australasia? Answer: Introduction The essay outlines the different ethical techniques that are affecting and generating the challenges of Dianes Company. The main purpose of this report is to provide the best database management system for maintenance of personal office in a medium sized company. The main aim of this report is to analyze the ethical techniques for using the Dianes situation. It is also evaluated an ICA professional using the ACS code of ethics. This case study also identifying the Ethical issued that connected by the ICT. Introduction to the Case Diane has started own consulting business for three year ago. Many employees have worked in Dianes office as well as she has numerous clients to doing work with her. Diane is a successful working woman. In her consulting business, many things are involved that defines how to designed database management system, advising about security and corporate intranets. She has designed the system of database management of a medium-sized business. She has included the customers for the purpose of informing the CEO of company, director of computing, design process as well as individual director on the system process. She has given the numerous types of options to the customers for doing the business with her. Diane believed that she provides best opportunity and best security services to CEO of the company. She has to shore that she provides data it would be exceptionally receptive. It would also involved medical records for filing insurance claim, salaries, performance evaluation etc. Doing Ethics Technique Doing Ethics Technique refers to the process which can be used for the purpose of analysing any issues related to ethical dilemmas relating to any situation. Thus technique does not provide any type of readymade solutions to the problems. But it helps in developing the techniques in the best possible ethical manner (Sekaran and Bougie, 2016). It can be also said that this technique is not clear and lacks in providing the required parameters and guidelines to the problems. There are several principles that can comply with the techniques of doing ethics: Contribution to welfare of society: The main focus of this principle lies on the assuring the quality of life of the peoples by obligating them to protect the fundamental rights of human beings and to respect the diversification of all the cultures. In context of computing and networking, its main objective is to minimise the negative outcomes like dangers to system and health of cyber world (Lawrence and Weber, 2014). At the time of designing systems, ensuring that the product can be used in social and responsible way must be the main aim of the computer professionals. Protecting others from getting harmed: This principle restricts the usage of information technology in such a manner which can cause harm the society and human beings. Several actions like modifying or destroying files and data intentionally which can cause severe damages to human resource are banned by this principle. Considering all the possible results that can affects designing and implementation of the software is the best possible way which can reduce this risk. With the help of minimising malfunctions by adopting standards that are designed for this purpose, occurrence of happening of damages can be reduced to a certain extent. Along with it, evaluating social disadvantages of a system is also required to determine the possibility of happening of any damage (Clarke, 2016). Testing and analysing the signs of a system that can possess harm to society or human beings is another obligation of a computer professional. Maintaining honesty and reliability: Honesty is the core element which can help an organisation to work in an effective and efficient manner. It is the duty of a computer professional to remain honest towards the qualifications that he or she possesses and towards the situation that may results in occurrence of disputes on interests of different members. A computer professional is required not to misunderstand the policies and regulations of Association for Computing Machinery or its any subsidiary or branch (Liu, et al., 2016). Be fair and should not differentiates: This principle governs by the principle of equal and fair justice and valuing the concept of equality, forbearance and respecting others. The policies of Association for Computing Machinery does not favours the discrimination which are based on the basis of various factors like age, sex, religion, community or disability. Misusing the information and technology can possess the results in favour of arising inequalities between different members of group (Berleur and Whitehouse, 2013). A rational society provides opportunities to all the peoples to access the benefits of information technology. Should obey property rights: In most of the situations, the law of a country does not permits several types of activities like violating patents, trade secrets, copyrights and terms and conditions of license agreements. Such type of behaviours always remains in contradiction to the ethical and professional behaviour even if the software cannot be considered as secured one. Software can be copied only after taking the proper permission from authorised owner (Technica, 2016). Attention should be paid to the unauthorised copying of materials or software. Intellectual property should be given due credit: It is the obligation of a computer professional to protect the truthfulness of logical property. No one should entertains the credit for the work or ideas that belongs to some another person even in those situation in which work or software does not possess protection in terms of copyright or patents (Fraser, 2014). Privacy of others should be given due respect: Collecting and exchanging personal information using the medium of information and technology can be resulted in violating the privacy of persons and society. Maintaining the privacy and integrity of personalised data is the key obligation of computer professionals. Various steps like taking preliminary steps in order to maintain the accuracy of data, preventing unauthorised persons to access the data, formulating new procedures for the purpose of permitting new individuals to check and amend their data are included in the method of maintaining privacy (Patsakis, et al., 2015). This principle focuses on the collection of personal information of a user after taking prior permission of that particular person. This should be done in a very sophisticated and limited manner with the consent of that person. Medium and users of electronic communication are some of the scope of this principle. Respecting the confidentiality of the data: This principle expands with problems of privacy related to information whenever the extensive promise of maintaining the confidentiality has been made by someone and private information does not have direct connection with the performance of duty of a person (Broucek and Turner, s2014). In the given scenario, Diane is concerned for the compilation with the principle of respecting confidentiality of data. According to the case, she has designed software which provides outmost level of confidentiality to the data of the user. But the problem arises when the cost incurred in framing the project exceeds the budgeted cost. ACS code of ethics To action by the duty of professional as well as honesty person, will dealings among the students, customers, and community generally, employers and employees. As per the case, Diane has dealing with their clients and employees very honestly and she known her responsibility for its workers and work (McDermid, 2015). To work attentively and proficiently for customers or workers, Diane has to work with very proficiently and attentively for their workers and customers. Diane has to be honest for the demonstration of its work for knowledge, products, services and skills. She has knowing about its consulting business services. She knows how to represent its work with good services. An attempt to improve the superiority of life of those affect in work. As per this case, Diane has attempted towards developing the excellence of life that affected the work. To improve the professional development for colleagues, student and employees, Diane has been improved its professional skills like knowledge about database, advising about security and corporate intranets for its employees and colleagues. To improve the reliability of the work of computing as well as admiration of its associate for everyone, According to this context, Diane has to develop the consistency of work of computing and appreciation of associate with everyone. Standard of Conduct A standard of conduct means to the set of manner that ethics of code can be applied to professional work of member. There are many standards of conducts, which can be applicable to ASC code of ethics such as priorities, computing profession, competence, honesty, professional development and social implications (Spulber, 2013). Priorities: Diane has attempted to conserve stability of computing services as well as data information of business has been run during her mind. She also esteems the proprietary environment of data information (Scott, et al., 2015). She has given advice to its business clients and worker of any probable disagreement of interest among its legal or assignment and another supplies to the people. She has been respected the database information for nature of proprietary. Computing profession: Diane would respect or inquire about the computing profession and it is required for the professional opinions of clients and employer in the proficiency part. She has not intentionally connected within the professions and to be connecting by deceitful and fake performs (Vella, et al., 2017). Competence: Diane has provided computing services or products that have to be connected with the financial or operational required for its customers and workers. She would be conscious for standards that have been relevant for its consulting business or will actions consequently (Ho, 2014). She has responsible for its work. Honesty: She has dedicated and honest in representing the knowledge about products, service and skills for its work (KM and JS, 2017). She would provide rational predictions for computing project. Professional development: Diane has improved her professional skills for employees, students and colleagues. She has also promoted her employees, students and colleagues to increase development of professions. She will also improve skills and knowledge for present time (Fakayode, et al., 2014). Social implications: In any business, it has promoted or protects the healthy and safety environment that influence the employees work (Jizi, et al., 2014). ICT Professional The standard Board of ACS professional considers professionalism like somebody qualified for level of professional of membership. They are given the various process of person and there are followed skills, capabilities and knowledge likes: In context of board, it has provided different types of theoretical and factual data of ICT professionals. For ICT field, there are solved many issues that related to the demonstrating mastery, innovation and advanced skills and changeable, complicated and random issues are also solved (Prestridge, 2014). There is required to capability such skills, knowledge about the project for complete the business projects. Company has taken duty and responsibility to reduced the technical multifaceted and project or actions for professional. Information about the data, facts or skills that acquired by the education and experience A specific job, a standard required to capability to perform well to complete projects. Including the critical understanding of principles and theories for advanced and coherent body of information during a field and discipline In context of work acts, exercise management and supervision there has been randomly changed. Definition of ICT professional ACS offers a service of accreditation towards making certain degree of ICT that has appropriate for initial practice of professional. Professional Certifications of ACS offers the overpass connecting the current practice and historical entry point in the field of ICT. Accreditation of ASC analyzes that how Graduate Attributes of ICT has been deal with every plan presented for endorsement (Vanderlinde, et al., 2014). It has also analyzed that how every plan presents the CBOK area of core knowledge as well as common part of ICT data. CBOK has utilized within two manners, which support the certification processes and accreditation. According to the opinion of Australian Computer System, a professional of ICT can be held eligible for taking membership of professional level. But taking the membership of ICT is not an easy task. It is treated as a level for a person who has achieved the professional level of membership. The main aim of professionalism membership is to create differences be tween practitioners of ICT and other peoples. The membership of ACS professionals can be used in providing proofs to potential clients and members having similar professional abilities. Raising the level of knowledge, skills and potential is the main objective of ICS professional (Kerckaert, et al., 2015). Conclusion On the basis of analysing above report and case, it can be said that parties are favouring their own point of view. This case is related with the company which is engaged in the business of outsourcing the various types of activities to its clients. One side of the case is related with the Diane who is the owner of the business. She has developed software based on the demand of its clients which is medium size company. Then, the client has chosen a less costly project after comprising with the security aspect. But the belief of the lady lies in the favour of secured software which can prevent the data from hacking and unauthorised access. In this report, along with the discussion of the case, doing ethics techniques and Code of Ethics of ACS has been discussed. These two types of ethics provide much help in understanding the case thoroughly. On the basis of above analysis, it can be recommended to Diane that she should tries to frame that software again keeping in mind the cost and extent of confidentiality. It is also recommended to Diane that she should tries to convince her management and senior staff by telling advantages and merits of the designed software. As in the given scenario, the stated Code explains the obligation of verifying the designing and implementing the system which protects the personal privacy and faults. Protecting the privacy of their employees is the legal obligations of the company. Educating the officials of the company is the attempt made by the Diane. If she fails in convincing her senior management, Diane is required to think about the obligations that are stated in the contract. At the last, Diane is required to make a choice between responsibilities of respecting the principles of privacy and confidentiality and contract. References Berleur, J.J. and Whitehouse, D. eds. (2013)An ethical global information society: Culture and democracy revisited. Germany: Springer. Broucek, V. and Turner, P. (2014) Considerations for e-forensics: insights into implications of uncoordinated technical, organisational and legal responses to illegal or inappropriate on-line behaviours,International Journal of Computing,4(2), pp.17-25. Clarke, R. (2016) Big data, big risks,Information Systems Journal,26(1), pp.77-90. Fakayode, S.O., Pollard, D.A., Snipes, V.T. and Atkinson, A. (2014) Offering a geoscience professional development program to promote science education and provide hands-on experiences for K12 science educators,Journal of Chemical Education,91(11), pp.1882-1886. Fraser, R. (2014) Collaboration, collusion and plagiarism in computer science coursework,Informatics in Education,13(2), pp.179. Ho, P.K. (2014) HCQIA Does Not Provide Adequate Due Process Protection, Improve Healthcare Quality and Is Outdated under Obama Care,Ind. Health L. Rev.,11, pp.303. Jizi, M.I., Salama, A., Dixon, R. and Stratling, R. (2014) Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosure: Evidence from the US banking sector,Journal of Business Ethics,125(4), pp.601-615. Kerckaert, S., Vanderlinde, R. and van Braak, J. (2015) The role of ICT in early childhood education: Scale development and research on ICT use and influencing factors,European Early Childhood Education Research Journal,23(2), pp.183-199. KM, G.G. and JS, K. (2017) measuring professionalism in residency program,Biomedica,31(3), pp.239-245. Lawrence, A.T. and Weber, J. (2014)Business and society: Stakeholders, ethics, public policy. USA: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Liu, J.K., Susilo, W., Yuen, T.H., Au, M.H., Fang, J., Jiang, Z.L. and Zhou, J. (2016) Efficient privacy-preserving charging station reservation system for electric vehicles,The Computer Journal,59(7), pp.1040-1053. McDermid, D. (2015)Ethics in ICT: an Australian perspective. London: Pearson Higher Education AU. Patsakis, C., Laird, P., Clear, M., Bouroche, M. and Solanas, A. (2015) Interoperable privacy-aware e-participation within smart cities,Computer,48(1), pp.52-58. Prestridge, S.J. (2014) Reflective blogging as part of ICT professional development to support pedagogical change,Australian Journal of Teacher Education,39(2), pp.6. Scott, K.B., Turko, I.V. and Phinney, K.W. (2015) Quantitative performance of internal standard platforms for absolute protein quantification using multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry,Analytical chemistry,87(8), pp.4429-4435. Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R. (2016)Research methods for business: A skill building approach. USA: John Wiley and Sons. Spulber, D.F. (2013) Innovation economics: The interplay among technology standards, competitive conduct, and economic performance,Journal of Competition Law and Economics,9(4), pp.777-825. Technica, A. (2016) Making a positive impact: updating the ACM code of ethics,Communications of the ACM,59(12). Vanderlinde, R., Aesaert, K. and Van Braak, J. (2014) Institutionalised ICT use in primary education: A multilevel analysis,Computers and Education,72, pp.1-10. Vella, S.F., Burmeister, O.K., Ceric, A. and Barnden, A., (2017) A systematic narrative review of literature on Catholic schools in Australia to better understand the role of School Leadership deploying and integrating Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in this environment,eJournal of Catholic Education in Australasia,3(1), pp.4.

Hiroshema Essays - Atomic Bombings Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki

Hiroshema Hiroshema War is an ever changing, advancing type of combat. From swords to guns, the weapons used are always developing and becoming much more powerful. Nuclear bombs are one of the most forceful weapons that exist today. On August 6, 1945, during World War II, the United States dropped an Atomic bomb on Hiroshima, a Japanese city and Military center. About 130,000 people were reported dead injured, or missing. Another 177,000 were left homeless. It was the first Atomic bomb ever used against an enemy. The effects of this explosion were so devastating and long lasting that they are still felt today. Was the United States justified in the dropping of the atomic bomb? On December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor was deliberately attacked by the Japanese. Reports show that 2,400 people were killed and 1,300 were wounded. The reason Japan bombed, Pearl Harbor was because that was where all of the U.S. Navy ships were kept. They were hoping to take out the Navy and were almost successful. They expected the aircraft carriers to be in the harbor, but luckily were not. Although the attack may have been a success to the Japanese, it became a huge mistake in the end. One reason it was a mistake was it caused the U.S. to enter the war. The United States was the ultimate cause to Japan losing the war. Secondly it made the Americans angry and determined to destroy the Japanese. Recruiting offices were flooded with young patriots who wanted to help their country out. This attack was just an example of what could have happened if the war had continued. If the war had continued another attack on U.S. soil could have taken place. This could have turned the 6,000 dead American civilians into 9,000 dead civilians. That is one of the main reasons the war needed to be stopped immediately. The United States made the thought of the Atomic bomb and the building of it possible. The power behind such a weapon was just what the United States needed. Many scientists manufactured and constructed the Atomic bomb, including Enrico Fermi, J. Robert Oppenheimer, and Harold Urey. The group was headed by a United States Army engineer, Major General Leslie Groves. The United States came up with a list of cities that could be possible targets for the detonation of the bomb. The list included Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, and Nagasaki. They later decided that Hiroshima would be the first target. Then in the early hours of August 6, 1945, the B-29 bomber Enola Gay, along with three other B-29's, headed out from Tinian Airbase to Hiroshima. They equipped the Enola Gay with the A-bomb, a single 4-ton nuclear device with 12 pounds of uranium. At 8:15 a.m. (Japanese standard time) the Enola Gay let the Atomic bomb fall to the ground. The bomb exploded around 2000 feet above the ground. The explosion caused all wooden buildings to collapse within a radius of 1.2 miles. The blast itself demolished three fifths of the city within seconds. The United States scientists estimated that only 20,000 Japanese would die, instead 75,000 people perished instantly. Three days after the bombing of Hiroshima it was decided that another Japanese town must be hit with am A-bomb. Three targets remained, the city of Kokura was the chosen target. Because visibility was so poor, due to smoke and pollution they changed the target to the city of Nagasaki. The smoke and pollution were just as bad over Kokura, but through a gap in the smog the bombardier spotted the target. They then released the 4.5 ton bomb, at 11:02 a.m., killing 30,000 people instantly. A day after the Nagasaki bombing the Japanese government offered to surrender. This ended the first ever nuclear war. Yet, while the first atomic bomb was a success, it raised many ethical and controversial issues. Most of the people in the United States of America supported the use of the atomic bomb, even President Truman commented on what a great invention it was. Many people, including the scientists that developed the bomb, opposed the bombings and felt that killing that many innocent people just to get an influence in the war was immoral. One famous figure, Albert Einstein was quoted saying, "I made one great mistake in my life, when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that the atomic bombs be made." The atomic bomb was considered a "quick" and even economical way to win the war; however, it was a cruel and unusual form of punishment for the Japanese citizens. The weapon that we refer to as "quick" was just the opposite.

Discussion of the adaptations of plants Essays

Discussion of the adaptations of plants Essays Discussion of the adaptations of plants Paper Discussion of the adaptations of plants Paper Essay Topic: Discussion Salt marshes are intertidal ecosystems, surrounded by land and open to the sea by way of an estuary (Pomeroy Wiegert 1981). As a result salt marshes are constrained, by silt and saline water, to the type of communities it can sustain (Ranwell 1972). However because of the tidal nature of these ecosystems and the presence of many migratory birds we find some of the the most widley distributed plant species in the world (Ranwell 1972). The habitat is typically high in phosphates but low in nitrogen. Sulphur washed in from the sea collects in the soil and during dry periods lowers the soil pH (Chapman Reiss 2000). Essentially the main problem for salt marsh plants is that salt marsh ecosystems are perminantly waterlogged by seawater. Land plants obtain oxygen for their roots by diffusion of oxygen found in air spaces in the soil. When soil is waterlogged, water displaces oxygen from the air spaces and reduces oxygen transport to as much as 1/300000 of its original value (www.biome.ac.uk).  Most land plants are used to water that has an osmotis potential close to zero, however salt marsh plant communities have to exist in water conditions of much lower osmotic potential, approximately -2 Mpa. Most land plants subjected to such low osmotic potentials would loose water to its environment and die (www.biome.ac.uk). It is the aim of this paper to discuss some of the common mechanisms which plants colonising salt marsh habitats have evolved to make effiecient use of what oxygen is available and be able to exclude salt and absourb water or excrete any excess salt that is absourbed as a result, with reference to specific salt marsh species.  Salt-marsh plants are halophytes (Gr halos:salt + phyton:plant), meaning they can tolerate excessive salinity levels (e.g. 0.5% NaCl), and have characteristics of both terrestrial and marine environments (Pomeroy Wiegert 1981). The salinity may vary and depends on the structure of the marsh, rainfall, and how often it floods (Chapman and Reiss 2000). If rainfall is high the marsh is washed of some of its salinity and will be colonised by different species such as Limonium spp. (sea lavender) and Triglochin spp. (arrow grass) (Chapman and Reiss 2000).  Grasses and rushes, such as Spartina spp. Juncus spp. retrospectively, dominate salt marsh communities, however in the lower, muddy levels of salt marshes pioneer species such as Salicornia europaea are more common (Rose 1981) (Chapman and Reiss 2000). Many of the plants are terrestrial species and in the upper parts of the marsh, where salinity concentrations are prodominantly affected by the amount of rainfall and not tidal influences, soils similar too more obvious terrestrial habitats are witnessed (Pomeroy Wiegert 1981) (Ranwell 1972).  Plants found in more northenly located salt marshes tend to be more tollerant of higher salinities, e.g. Spartina anglica can tolerate salinities up to twice that of sea water (Ranwell 1972).  Salt marshes have a particularly low osmotic potential due to its high sodium chloride concentration. To prevent excess loss of water and to obtain water from its environment it is vital that plants maintain a lower internal osmotic potential than that of its external environment (Purvis 2001). This is a problem for non-halophytes at concentrations 0.05 M (1/10 sea water). However halophytes, subject to sea water (0.5 M), can develop internal osmotic potentials greater than 20 bars (Ranwell 1972).  There is also the problem for plants living in saline environments of the high toxicity of Na and Cl both found in high concentrations in salt marshes (Purvis 2001).  High external osmotic potential influences excess ion accumulation in the tissues of plants, resulting in irregular metabolism and for this reason plants living in salt marshes have to be highly selective in ion uptake. High external osmotic potential also has the effect of reducing plant growth, transpiration rate, water availability, and uptake of essential minerals (Ranwell 1972). No other toxic substance, worldwide, restricts plant growth more than sodium chloride (Purvis 2001). Salt marshes, like any other habitat have sub-habitats e.g. emergence marsh level, submergence marsh level, or tidal flat, which all present relatively different growing conditions for the species that occupy them. As a result we find plants that have preferences to these zones and hence have adapted a diverse array of methods to contend with the conditions the different zones subject them to. These adaptations and environmental preferences also affect limits of such things as growth, age, and clonal size (Ranwell 1972). Adaptation to saline environments has occurred in Salicornia so much so that not only can members of this species tolerate high NaCl concentrations but the ability to persist in fresh water environments has all but been lost (Ranwell 1972).  There are four different methods in which halophytes have adapted to various external osmotic potentials in order to maintain normal metabolic activities. They are ion selection, extrusion, accumulation, and dilution, of which more than one may be exhibited by any one plant (Ranwell 1972). The vast majority of salt marsh plant species are perennials with only few annuals present and confined to distinct salt marsh sub-habitats, such as Salicornia sp. and Atriplex sp. located in the pioneer and strandline zones respectively (Ranwell 1972).  The distinction that few annuals have adapted to a salt marsh environment led Chapman to describe it as a Hemicryptophyte (herbs with buds at soil level, protected by the soil itself or by dry dead portions of the plant) area (Ranwell 1972) (Thain Hickman 2000). One shared adaptation that most halophytes possess is they accumulate Na Cl ions and transport them to their leaves. The ions are stored in leaf cell vacuoles increasing the salt concentration in the tissues of halophytes and hence lowering its osmotic potential (Purvis 2001). This brings us back to an earlier statement that it is vital for plants living in saline environments to maintain a lower internal osmotic potential than that of its external environment in order to prevent water loss and so water may be taken up more effectively. An important scientific breakthrough in 1999 located a gene in the non-halophyte Arabidopsis which encodes for a Na/H ion antiport protein in the tonoplast and enables sodium uptake (Purvis 2001). Although this plant is not a common halophyte found in salt marsh environments it does help to understand how plants may evolve different methods to living in these environments.  Another adaptation of halophytes which reduces the risk of poisoning by excessive accumulation of NaLC is the formation of salt glands in their leaves. Salt, extracted by the glands, collects on the leaf surface and is removed by wind or rain. Osmotic potential in the leaf will inevitable become more negative as salt is excreted by the salt glands; this generates an increase in the osmotic potential gradient thus enabling the leaf to obtain water from the root more readily (Purvis 2001). The amino acid proline, is often stored in the vacuoles of halophytes which acts to lower the plants tissues osmotic potential (Purvis 2001).  The saline nature of a salt marsh makes it particularly difficult for plants to obtain water. For this reason a common characteristic of halophytes is succulence, which acts as a water reserve. This water reserve can be used when NaCl concentrations are high, e.g. evaporation in the soil during low tide.  Many succulent halophytes use crassulacean acid metabolism, a metabolic pathway which allows plants to store CO2 at night and then photosynthesis during the day with stomata closed. Reversed stomatal cycles also allow halophytes to conserve water by closing them during daylight periods (Purvis 2001). Damage by wave action is a serious threat to plants living in certain zones of the salt marsh; therefore many species have morphological adaptations as a result. Salicornia for example presents minimum leaf appendages by reducing to a phylloclade form, however it still maintains adequate photosynthetic surface for the high light level habitat in which it inhabits (Ranwell 1972). Water-logging is a characteristic of most salt marshes, particularly in the lower zones and as a result oxygen diffusion rates are low. During spring and summer algal blooms e.g. Pleurosigma colonize high level tidal flats and produce millions of small oxygen bubbles on the surface of the water-logged mud. Salicornia take advantage of the better conditions with regards to oxygen availability by germinating in April May with most of its growth occurring during the summer months (Ranwell 1972).  This is more obviously an ecological adaptation to saline environments; however this is just as important to understand as morphological adaptations are in plants existing in salt marsh habitats. Pappus hairs found on the seeds of Aster tripolium aid dispersal. The seeds tend to stick together as a result and more often than not are dispersed by water with only few dispersed by the wind. This type of dispersal adaptation allows Aster to colonize open ground, within the salt marsh, relatively quickly (Ranwell 1972).  Spartina has many specific adaptations to existing in more seaward zones of the salt marsh, which allows it to out-compete most other species for these sub-habitats. Spartina has been successful in these zones due to a type of polyploidy which promotes rapid growth, large size, and high fertility. High phenotypic plasticity also allows Spartina to take advantage of this zone by elongating its stems (as much as 15 cm yearà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) to penetrate aggregating mud in both pioneer and mature salt marshes (Ranwell 1972). Other adaptations that enable Spartina to successfully colonise more seaward zones include large seeds with substantial food reserves, rapid shoot root growth, deep anchor roots, and shoots well supplied with air spaces (Ranwell 1972). In conclusion Salt marsh habitats are intertidal ecosystems sustaining widley distributed plant communities which can exist in an environment which is typically high in phophates, low in nitrogen, has a low soil pH, suffers from waterlogging, and a low osmotic potential.  The main problems for salt marsh plants is low oxygen diffusion rates and a low osmotic potential due to daily waterlogging by sea water.  High osmotic potential results in reduced plant growth, transpiration rate, water availability, and uptake of essential minerals and due to the toxicity of Na Cl, excessive accumilation can result in irregular metabolism. All salt marsh plants are halophytes, tolerating excessive saline levels (0.5% NaCl), with Spartina anglica for example capable of tolerateing salinities twice that of sea water.  To prevent excessive water loss and to obtain water salt marsh plants maintain a lower internal osmotic potential than that of its external environment.  Halophytes have evolved four different methods to maintain normal metabolic activities in various external osmotic potentials; ion selection, extrusion, accumulation, and dilution.  Accumulation involves the plant transporting and storing Na Cl ions to their leaf cell vacuoles. Salt glands often found in the leaves of salt marsh plants extracts salt which collects on the leaf surface and is removed by wind or rain.  Succulence is a common characteristic of halophytes acting as a water reserve and can dilute high NaCl concentrations for example at low tide.  These methods are all effective in lowering internal osmotic potential and increasing the osmotic potential gradient thus enabling the leaf to obtain water from the root more readily.  Crassulacean acid metabolism allows halophytes to store CO2 at night and conserve water during the daylight periods by photosynthesising with closed stomata. Ecological adaptation include for example adaptation by Salicornia to low oxygen diffusion rates takes advantage of millions of oxygen bubbles produced on the surface of waterlogged mud in high level tidal flats by algal blooms.  Morphological adaptations include for example adaptation by Salicornia to reduce damage by wave action by reducing to a phylloclade form thus presenting minimum leaf appendages.  It is clear that most of these evolved adaptations are a result of plants attempting to survive in an environment which is subject to especially low oxygen diffusion rates and in particullay low osmotic potentials. Reference List www.biome.ac.uk  Chapman, L.J. M.J. Reiss (2000) Ecology principals applications, University press; Cambridge  Pomeroy, L.R. R.G. Wiegert (1981) The ecology of a Salt Marsh, Springer-Verlag Inc; New York  Purvis, W.K., D Sadava, G.H. Orians, H.C. Heller (2001) Life: The science of biology, Sinauer associates; Massachusettes

Eastern Meditation Meets Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Eastern Meditation Meets Christianity - Essay Example This type of meditation is a practical way to achieve real peace of mind, and leads to a deeper wisdom and clearer understanding of the truth. Misconceptions: There are some common misconceptions about meditation in Western countries. Some people think that "meditation is not for them because they are Christians, or that meditation is about just sitting and thinking nothing." In fact, meditation is about reality-seeing things as they are. There are no beliefs to adopt which might conflict with one's religion. Although there are some differences between Christian and Eastern spiritual practice, both of them share many similarities in the practice of listening to the spirit, the method of prayer and meditation and the spiritual and mental changes these bring about. All religious traditions, not only Buddhism and Christianity have different processes, movements and transformations for seeking answers from spiritual sources. Each faith tradition has grown over so many centuries and has been practiced in different societies and cultures. There is a fundamental difference between Christianity and Buddhism. The Buddha teaches people to remain fully in the realm of human experience, but Christ offers us a hope outside ourselves. The hope of a Christian is to have faith in God and Jesus Christ, but not in man or the earthly life. One of the main goals of meditation is to learn by observing what is going on in our bodies, our feelings, our mind and our worlds. The continual process of meditation greatly enhances our understanding of things around us. However, Christians mainly focus on developing more faith and a better relationship with God and Jesus Christ through prayer, using this to communicate with God, and possibly receive a personal revelation from Him, described sometimes as the Spirit of the Lord. But if we look at how people participate in meditation and prayer, we can highlight the similarities between the Buddhist and Christian approaches to spiritual practices. Meditation can lead to spiritual communion with God through the Holy Spirit. President David O. McKay (date) from the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints explains We pay too little attention to the value of meditation, a principle of devotion. Meditation is the language of the soul. It is defined as a form of private devotion, or spiritual exercise, consisting in deep, continued refection on some religious theme. Even Jesus Christ also meditated during the forty days of fasting; he communed with himself and his father, and contemplated upon the responsibility of his great mission. One result of this spiritual communion was such strength as enabled him to say to temper "...Get thee hence, Satan: for it is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only salt thou serve." (Matthew 4:10.) What is Meditation: In Buddhism, meditation plays an important role in developing peace, compassion and awareness. Challenges and afflictions in life make the Kositjaroenkul 3 heart yearn for the a perfection of peace, a pure love from someone, and compassion flowing through our hearts. When beginning the process of meditation, a person will focus on clearing the minds from everything around them. It is a moment of peace, calmness and mindfulness. The next part of the